The Truth About Barrel Length, Muzzle Velocity and Accuracy

1. Very impressive work. I would propose a hypothesis that barrel harmonics from a longer barrel introduce an instability to the overall flight path that has an increased effect on point of impact once projectile speed drops over extended range. (Basically the barrel is “whipping” the round a bit.) Shorter barrel lengths do not have this issue due to much better stiffness.

   Proposed experiment… Setup a high speed optical micrometer to track center line of the barrel tip during the firing process in X and Y axes normal to the bore.

   • This has been validated by a few suppressor manufacturers. Hanging a can on the end of a gun seems to quell barrel harmonics and actually increase accuracy.

     • They might also reduce the impact of muzzle blast turbulence on the projectile. Without tracking the barrel, it’s hard to differentiate the two effects.

       • If the bullet is well above trans-sonic speeds, how can flow turbulence in its wake possibly affect the bullet?

     • Don’t exclude recoil in this factor. Suppressors do reduce recoil and as such affect accuracy. Possibly not so much from a physics prespective, but definately from a shooters. The reduction of recoil will definately increase you accuracy. I have a braked gun that has a supprssor that screws onto the break. Accuracy is not apparently shifted by the addition of the suppressor, point of impact does on long shots. But we can’t rule out geometry here either… lots of factors in this equation.

       True some difference is noted but again harmonics is dampened by the addition of the weight. I woud be interesting to get a computer plot of the harmonics effect along both the X, Y axis at the bore and the linear dimension of the barrel to note axial deflection.

       • Suppressors increase recoil and heat up the barrel and action faster and often to higher temperatures. In fact if we add in any type of gas system for cycling an action the recoil on those is even greater with a can on!

         If it is just barrel harmonics than equal weight in the form of either a break or a hunk of steel will also produce the same effect.

         Many people have speculated but never produced consistent repeatable results with the idea of gas turbulence. This has been tested with and with out various barrel devices and there is an effect but it is not consistent and repeatable. I am sure it is a problem of sample size being too small.

         Even the above when testing methods of barrel crowning has been inconsistent.

   • I haven’t been shooting rifles (much) for long, but I’ve noticed with my .308 Rem. VTR that when you touch your muffs to the buttstock after firing you can hear the barrel humming like a tuning fork for 15 or 20 seconds. It might be more pronounced since it has a non floating barrel and a synthetic stock, but I’m sure all rifles do this. My theory is that when the bullet jumps through the leade it slams into the rifling and sends shock waves down the barrel ahead of the bullet. In order for the waves to resonate the barrel must flex. This doesn’t necessarily adversely effect accuracy – if the bullets leave the barrel at the same velocity they should all be timed with the resonance the same. They may shift slightly to the left or right or up or down, but they should all shift the same way. But switching loads could move the point of impact in unpredictable ways like left or right. I would think that as barrels get longer they need to get thicker to control the flex.

     It would be interesting to read (hint TTAG) a comprehensive article about the physics of a rifle shot.

     • Dude, you need to ditch that crappy soft Remington stock and get something free floated. Vibrating for 30 seconds like a tuning fork is not normal.

     • “In an age of misinformation, hard fact can be hard to come by. The internet is full of armchair know-it-alls and trolls a plenty, but for the most part, these can be ignored.”

       Haha, no kidding. Just look at these comments!

     • Actually I think if you are firing an ar 10 you are hearing the spring in the stick

   • Yup, what Pwrserge said. Barrel harmonics. You can tune the load to the barrel but you may have to compromise some velocity or you can tune the barrel harmonics to the load. Hence the reason you see so many target guns with barrel tuners on them. I find it interesting his study didn’t mention a barrel tuner or harmonics when the gun he is using in the picture has a barrel tuner on it over a flash suppressor. Theres an excellent page on barrel harmonics here along with animated gifs.
     http://www.varmintal.com/apres.htm

   • Spot on comment here, I concur. The same tendency was observed between the 1917 and 1919 Browning Machine Guns. The 1917 has a barrel support (to off set the barrel deflection from the water jacket) and a mass of water around the barrel, the 1919 does not. The difference in accuracy for the same length barrel is way different, the 1917 performing very nicely. Cyclic rate was tuned down (lightening the bolt) as a means to control the 1919; not only in consumption of ammunition but accuracy. The 1917 needed no such adjustment.

     • In reality the 1919 barrel is supported at the end of the jacket just like the 1917, the barrel diameter is 1.25″ which is double that of the 1917 barrel and even without the water it damps fine. Cyclic rate of the two measure nearly the same even though the 1919 has a booster to help increase the recoil impulse. My guess is that the much heavier barrel needs a boost to help with reliable operation. The internals of the 1917 and 1919 are identical and interchangable. When set up on the same type of tripod they tend to shoot very similar groups. The 1919 tripod is generally the lightweight M2 unit which is quite wobbly where that of the 1917 is usually the 1917A1 tripod which is very solid.
       Just a thought as this has been my experience in working with the brownings for the last 20 years or so….

       TC

   • “drewtam says:
     October 1, 2013 at 19:01
     If the bullet is well above trans-sonic speeds, how can flow turbulence in its wake possibly affect the bullet?”

     The propellant gases are travelling 4-5 times faster than the bullet itself. Once the bullet leaves the muzzle the gases overtake the bullet and give it a kick in the ass, which is one of the factors involved in bullet yaw and instability in the first portion of its flight.

     • Right on, modern powders expand at what, 4500-5000 fps. And the max speed of the .308 bullets was around 3300 fps.

   • Interesting study but completely agree with with the harmonics element. To me, if the loads were not tuned to the barrel length, then the only usable data is in the subsequent velocity. The “accuracy ” data means very little to nothing…am I wrong?

     • …other than harmonics have a diminishing effect as the barrel gets shorter.

2. How could they test a 13″ barrel in a state that does not allow sbr?

   • Very carefully?

   • 3″ permanently attached muzzle device?

   • Long flash hider, perhaps?

   • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Firearms_License

     hope this helps.

     Tom

     • Michigan State law bans SBR’s with no provision for licensing. I don’t think a FFL changes that.

       I’m voting LEO (‘cuz they’re better than us, dontcha know) or long flash hider.

     • If it is a violation of local and state laws, ATF will NOT grant a tax stamp. That is one of the reasons they require individuals to have signed paperwork from a top law enforcement officer from the applicants residency, i.e. from the sheriff or Chief of Police.

       • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-barreled_rifle

         First paragraph:

         “Short-barreled rifle (SBR) is a legal designation in the United States, referring to a shoulder-fired, rifled firearm with a barrel length of less than 16 inches (40.6 cm) or overall length of less than 26 inches (66.0 cm). In the United States, an SBR is an item regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE) as an NFA firearm. In the absence of local laws prohibiting ownership, American civilians may own an SBR provided it is registered with the BATFE, and a $200 tax is paid prior to taking possession of or creating the firearm.”

   • It’s pinned and welded

   • It magically became a pistol?

3. Great piece of work, conducted with scientific precision and accuracy. Would have appreciated some footnotes to track down some of the other research quoted.

   I wonder how the Grand Valley State admin is going to respond to this work.

   • I don’t know how Interdisciplinary Studies handles it, but the engineering program didn’t much care WHAT the project involved….

     While I was taking an industrial controls class one group of students built an automated trap thrower which was, at the time, the only trap thrower on the market with a TRULY random pattern of throw.

     Another group of students built a project with several metallic silhouettes with a boatload of sensors attached. The idea being they could capture impact velocity, impact energy, etc.

     Lets face it, generally speaking firearms research is cool. It’s bright, flashy, and impressive when presented during University functions. And I know GVSU LOVES flashy student presentations.

     • Was the “random pattern of throw” intentional?

       • Truly random doesn’t happen by accident.

4. Interesting

5. It would be nice if Scally Hill Systems had a functional website.

6. Great article. This is the type of stuff I love to read.

7. As a researcher you should be aware that these graphs are not meaningful without error bars. For example, what is the maximum error in the powder charge for these cartridges? What are the dimensional tolerances of the bullets? To what degree is the barrel crown flat?

   My intent is not to disparage your work, but point out that drawing conclusions from this type of study is a bit disingenuous because there are far too many issues impacting accuracy and even muzzle velocity to provide a reasonably accurate description of estimated error. Without that your data cannot be interpreted properly. For example, if your estimated accuracy error is as little as 0.3 MOA, almost all of your accuracy data points must be interpreted as being identical.

   These are the reasons why there is “conventional wisdom”; there are too many factors involved just within the cartridge itself, let alone the rifle, to provide a good-faith estimate of error, and as a result accurate interpretation of the data becomes impossible.

   • This is correct.

     Another “experiment” ignoring the majority of the variables involved and not taking error into account. This data says very little, but when coupled with technical sounding language and graphs the average guy thinks he is looking at good scientific evidence.

     This sort of thing happens rather frequently on this site, unfortunately (and everywhere else on the internet…).

     • I do want to point out that there IS a point to be made here, which is that a longer barrel does not inherently mean greater accuracy. This can be stated without an error estimation. It is also something that some manufacturers have begun to realize, as some sniper systems have been developed using relatively shorter barrels more comparable to carbines.

       • Can we really conclude that? The comment above about the experiment lacking any error or standard deviation information is a good one. If the error bars are large, then it is entirely possible that longer barrels are still more accurate. It could also mean that shorter barrels are more accurate. Without understanding the error, we can’t tell which is true. It’s like the author pointed out with regard to shooters who get one tight group, adjust their zero, then think their rifle is sighted in. We can’t look at the data and tell if we were in the middle of the statistically possible range, or way out on the fringe. We haven’t been given enough info to judge.

       • “Longer barrels are more accurate” only applies when using iron sights where the longer barrel allows a longer sight radius which lets the shooter sight the rifle more accurately. Scopes provide the same sighting ability regardless of barrel length.

       • My second comment is “longer barrel does not INHERENTLY mean greater accuracy”. That is not saying that that they are definitely NOT more accurate, just that there is no evidence to suggest that there is something specific to the length of the barrel that equates 1:1 to better accuracy. There is a difference.

       • Why don’t we have a conversation about efficiency? IMHO, what you want is a barrel that is long enough to impart as much of the energy in the powder into the projectile as possible, and a projectile that will dump as much of that energy as possible into the target.

     • Not entirely true. The data is simply incomplete. However, it does give reason to question the classic longer barrel / more accurate gun myth.

       • What it suggests to me is that a longer barrel length will result in greater velocity, up to a point, but that the longer barrel is more susceptible to change through heat distortion when fired for more than three shots, thereby resulting in worse accuracy. Interesting to note as well that in most charts, the optimal length for overall repeatable accuracy at range was 18″.

       • It is standard practice to show the error and/or standard devation of the data shown in a study. That is how you do good science with proper statistics. Kinda the short of it.

       • There’s more truth to “longer barrel – more energy” than “longer barrel – more accuracy”. But optimum barrel length varies based upon load.

       • I would think this sort of information could be added per a request from the reader. Well, instead of bewitching the guy and calling his research meaningless and all …
         Point being,
         Replicate it, or refute it.
         Without that, what are you doing, but being argumentative? I agree, more precision to the study could be done, but he made good effort. Someone should extend it with their own research then.

         Nice work to the guy that cut down the barrel and went through the trouble to do the research.

         Now, like I said,

         Those that insinuate the evidence is not there.
         Go on, refute it.
         or replicate it, give the guy some props, and extend it in his honor, LOL

         Thanks to the guy that put in the work.

   • Kyle,
     this experiment was not designed to count every single powder kernel the cartridge case. off the shelf components and cartridges were used. the tolerances of M80 ball are obviously not the same as federal gold medal match. the reason that error was not factored in was that we were not testing over 100 barrels and 100,000 rounds of ammunition. we counted the flyers. Every single one. the displayed velocities and accuracy numbers are averages, which is clearly written. plus, as a student of the gun, you should understand that the bullet is the truth and there is no such thing as error, just more data.

     • Josh,

       It is standard scientific practice to report your percentage of error with your data sets. This comes down to proper reporting and getting as much out of the study as possible. Excel can do it for you in a simple spread sheet.

       Jonathan

     • I really enjoyed this many thanks

       Following is for entertainment only
       “The bullet is a mad thing, only the bayonet knows what it is about”

     • Excellent article. Ignore the the people complaining about error statistics. You stated your goal and your assumptions of the experiment. You did a good job removing as many variables as possible. The trolls complaining probably don’t understand that taking into account every possible variable in the complex interactions of firing a projectile is not feasible or practical. Tell the troll to take a college level course in fluid dynamics of compressible fluids, subsonic and supersonic. I do agree that the barrel harmonics are a concern. This study leads to that conclusion. This is why we experiment. Now that Josh’s study has lead to a concern in barrel harmonics, that needs to be explored with a stated goal and list of assumptions. Isolate the concern, design a test for it, then compare the results of it with this study. Then and only then can enough be understood to correlate the two into a combined study of the effects. Bravo Josh, job well done.

   • Thanks Kyle. You are spot on. I have shot, at a quick estimate, over 2 million rounds in my lifetime. It has been my experience that I have been more satisfied with the accuracy of a Barrel OVER medium length for the platform. I have found practical experience in real world conditions to be more accurate a determiner than scientific studies which are all flawed and need to have an error factor figured in. Reloading a good number of rounds myself, I can say that matching bullet acceleration inside the barrel to desired velocity and then exiting the barrel immediately seems to give best results in my experience. I will accept all the other points about harmonics and bullet diameter variations, but all these issues will need to be prioritized. In my estimation, behind proper match of barrel length and bullet acceleration. I don’t think I need to go into how this effects the other things like harmonics and such. Kyle, glad to know there are some actual good brains left!

8. Mmmmmm, love me some scientificalness in the morning. Nice work.

9. As a scientific point, it’s a firearm. Weapons are used (past tense) on people, firearms are used on paper.

   • Using a longsword to slice melons does not mean it is not a weapon.

     • Using a sword to cut a melon means its a cutting instrument. If you want to immediately evoke the visceral response of the uninformed or hoplophobes, keep calling every firearm a weapon. Winning the narrative means controlling the language. If we cede control of the language (assault weapon, weapon, high-capacity, etc), we will lose.

       • Yes, words have connotative meaning, and that meaning can scare some people. Personally I have no problem calling firearms weapons; it is their purpose and design to cause the destruction of whatever they are aimed at. Just as a sword is not forged with cutting brush and food in mind, even though it can be used this way. All weapons are tools, not all tools are weapons. To me, trying to convince anyone that we truly believe not all firearms are weapons makes us look stupid, and is beside the point. The point is that we all have the right to keep and bear these weapons, not to make other people feel better about that fact.
         On a side note, I do agree that it would be more objective and properly scientific to refer to it as a firearm, as that is a more specific descriptor.

   • It’s not a scientific point, it’s a semantic point.

     • Semantics is the scientific study of meaning. So yeah, it’s scientific. In the interest of using exact terminology, firearm is more accurate.

10. I’ve never held the belief that a longer barrel makes the GUN more accurate. A longer barrel does give you a flatter trajectory due to higher velocities, which tends to make the SHOOTER more accurate.

11. Of course the order of barrel length testing was from 26″ – 13″… so… I’m sure the shooter didn’t get better with the platform over all the rounds down range. And I’m sure the breaking in of the 13″ of rifling that was never cut down had nothing to do with the conclusions. And I’m sure the crowing for each barrel cut down was confirmed to have the exact some profile… And I’m sure there are about a dozen other variables that weren’t accounted for in this testing.

    Not discrediting this in the least – it’s good data and certainly supports the notion that a shorter barrel is more accurate… but a publishable paper on the subject it is not.

    • With a hand-lapped match barrel like the Shilen used in the test, ‘breaking in’ is just wasting the accuracy potential of the rifle. Breaking in barrels and barrel settling is something done for factory barrels with rough bores. Polished barrels start out the most accurate they will ever be, and degrade in accuracy for every shot after that (very slowly) due to wear and loss of that polish. Or at least that is what top barrel makers say.

      And counter point to him ‘getting better with the system’, fatigue has a bigger impact on the shooter than practice with the gun, if the shooter is already competent.

12. Very excellent work. This is off topic, but isn’t MOA technically a measure of precision and not accuracy? Yes, I know accuracy is the word that is commonly used in these types of tests and everyone knows what is being measured…

    • You are correct. Accuracy refers to whether a given shot is on target. Precision is whether a collection of shots is consistent.

      • I prefer repeatability over precision. Precision also implies the degree of error in your ability to take measurements.

13. Good reading. I’d also love to see more work up in regards to barrel harmonics. I’m also curious on the barrel crown question.
    Machine rest?

    • Tom,
      you will never guess what I am up to for my next article… Oh wait…

14. THIS is what I would like to see in our future. Careful research with all the data presented so that it is open to reasoned peer review, analysis, and application.

    Not that it’ll change the mind of “experts” like Jim Carmichael et al. His experience over time requires us to listen, but not be overawed and think he really is omniscient.

    Thank you, thank you, thank you for your work and setting the bar.

15. Good to see an article that takes a closer look at “what everyone knows”.

    From a purely non-rigorous, personal anecdote standpoint, I have found that a short, heavy profile barrel (18″, DPMS LR308B) tends to maintain accuracy over long shooting sessions, even when the barrel heats up quite a bit. It would be interesting to test this against longer barrels of different thicknesses, with and without flutes, firing enough rounds to reach a specific barrel temperature at the muzzle. As soon as I receive my $5 million grant from the gummint, I shall begin the buying frenzy (oops, cross that out) and testing.

16. I’d like to see a comparison of downrange velocity for each barrel length and at what distance they hit the transonic region.

    The upward trend in group size with distance makes me wonder about wind while the data were being collected.

17. I am a competitive shooter as well for 10+ years. I have been a faithful reader, until its demise, of Precision Shooter Magazine and they had done a lot of work on the subject. Things I find lacking in this study. Cutting a barrel down inches changes it to a new barrel essentially. The crown rifling is now different. Also changing the load/bullet every time you change the barrel changes another variable that would actually prove their thereom wrong. They should have maintained the same load across all barrel lengths to maintain consistency. The Velocity of 2300 from 2600 is huge for a distance shooter. Especially when the distance shooters are trying to be 3000 fps for maintaining supersonic velocities into the target. The drift factor and wind was not a concern for the test but it is a huge concern when you are trying to hit your target. A longer barrel does give an accuracy advantage when maintaining a long distance load accross all barrel lengths because of velocity or the ability to increase pressure on the bullet before exiting the barrel. If barrel length did not matter then a 2.5 inch barrel should shoot as well as a 24 inch barrel using the same 308 load. There is a sweet spot barrel length for loads, you don’t need a 35 inch barrel for a 6 mm round but you need more than 18 inches to shoot 1000 yards with a 6.5×284.

    • All of the loads were tested with each barrel length….

      • I didn’t get that impression from the statement… “handloads were used to seek out advantages given the barrel length by modifying the bullet and powder. This data is included gratis and represents the abilities of the weapon system when tuned ammunition is available.”

        Powder charges and bullets should have been loaded and optimized for the long barrel and then maintained as such to see if there was an atributable change in accuracy as you chopped the barrel. This is to maintain a constant as you examine the variable. You put too many variables in motion and you will get spurious outcomes. You would be surprised what a lot change in the same powder or primer change does to my scores at competition. Benchrest is a lot about scientific methods where you establish a load by only changing one variable at a time.

    • You don’t want the handloads to be the same: the whole point of handloading is to tune the load to the barrel’s natural harmonics, which should change with barrel length.

      I want to know how the handloads were developed? Optimum Charge Weight (OCW) method? Audette ladder test? Quickload? SWAG?

18. Nice work….

19. Entertaining reading. Many valid responses. Stimulating Conversation.

    In the end, I will simply, select a rifle that physically fits within the constraints of my operating parameters, next I will “test” my rifle of choice with various “available” ammunition until the most “proficient” combination is discovered, then I will tune my rifle to its optimum “precision” using aforementioned “proficient” ammunition, and finally, I will practice with it until I become “accurate” with the resulting combination.

    As long as I am confident that I can reliably eliminate the intended target, at the specific distances that the rifle will be utilized, the rifle is effective. Everything else is just for show and tell. 😀

20. Thought I had zeroed my 7mm08 bolt action w 18″ barrel until i read this. i don’t think my rifle is grouping well at 100 yards but barrel began clean and now has 20 rounds through it. Tried two different types of bullets in 120 and 140 grains, from different manufacturers but not sure what to think now. I had fliers at 100 yards with both boxes, which opened my groups up to 4″. Not using match grade ammo and feel the trigger is a little heavy but does this seem too big? Rifle is a ruger american compact, the fore end is not perfectly square to the barrel and ruger says they will not take back for servicing unless it is affecting accuracy. What say you?

21. Coooooooooooooooooooooooool. This jives with my (non-shooter, haha) intuition about physics and guns.

    Now we just need good replication. :p

22. Some thoughts:

    1. It has been known among some gun makers for years that shorter, stiffer barrels are more consistently accurate. Some of the more accurate .308/7.62 bolt guns I know of have 18 or 20″ barrels.

    2. Barrel length affects velocity more when you tune the load for the barrel length. As you lengthen your barrel, you can change your load to use slower powders. Using a slow powder with a short barrel simply results in a huge muzzle bloom. Using too fast of a powder in a long barrel can result in barrel failures. Using a slow powder in a long barrel, now you can start to see some results.

    Generally speaking, if you use the right load modeling s/w, you can develop loads with easily (or formerly easily) available powders to produce complete combustion of the powder charge about an inch (or a bit more) behind the muzzle. This is about where you want it, regardless of how long the rifle barrel is.

    3. Match bullets, as you found, really are better. Especially the all-copper bullets. They’re more concentric, better balanced, more uniform in weight and their lower Bc’s mean that they’re affected by wind less than bullets with lower Bc’s.

    4. Where barrel length does affect your accuracy is when the sight radius depends on the barrel length. Using an optical sight (a scope) eliminates this variable. If you had aperture sights (or even buckhorn sights) on the barrel/receiver, you’d start to see the errors add up as your barrel length (and therefore your sight radius) decreased. One of the things that led to the accuracy of Sharps rifles in the 19th century wasn’t that the barrels were much better than (eg) Winchester lever guns, or the bullets, loads or powder was better in the Sharps than in a (eg) Winchester. It was that the Sharps had a much longer sight radius and better sights.

    5. You didn’t mention how the barrel was re-crowned every time some length was taken off. I’d be interested in knowing the uniformity of the crowning process.

    6. Groups were measured with a micrometer? That seems a bit excessive – and difficult. I think the groups were probably measured with a set of calipers.

23. Sorry, but this is like confirming that the sky is blue.

    Short barrels are more accurate than longer barrels, in the abstract. This is because there is less harmonic distortion in the barrel.

    Longer barrels, especially with iron sights, are easier to shoot. Not only is the sight picture extended, it has a higher velocity, which cuts down on time to target, and less time for the wind to affect the bullets flight path, less lead needed for moving targets, and distance judging is not as important.

    At long ranges, minor differences in velocity produce huge differences in drop.

    Sure, I could strap down a 13″ barrel, find out exactly where the bullet will land, move my target there, and the rounds will produce a nice grouping, a better grouping than a 26″ barrel, but in the real World, where I don’t know the exact distance, that extra velocity is a huge factor in hitting what you are aiming for.

24. Hummm, I’m old fashioned I guess, as well as old. I take my ’06 and zero it to hit 2″ high at 100 yards via my Leupold scope. I then go deer hunting and shoot at deer any where from 40 yards to 200 yards. All my deer are one shot kills. Scientific enough for me.

25. So for the 208 amax handload, having an 8 or more inches shorter barrel will increase accuracy 10 fold? Is something else going on in the handload or rig that might favor the shorter barrels? If so you’re not isolating the variable, if not and simply a shorter barrel means 10 times more accuracy there – then it’s a bit of a laughable claim, no? I mean, how do you come out with that data and believe you’re showing causation?

    • Unless I read it wrong and they aren’t direct comparo’s and it’s showing the difference over yardage.

26. i would say that the reason a short barrel may seem stiffer is rather simple, the bullet and the gas expanding in the barrel would offer up quite a bit of energy, as there bullet is proceeding down the barrel the gas behind it is changing in pressure, since the barrel acts as a chamber for the gas until the bullet ether gets to a port or the end of the barrel. i think that pressure would be much higher in the chamber at first then as the bullet travels the length of the barrel the pressure would drop as the space the gas is compressed in expands. i think one reason that shorter barrels can be more accurate is cause the gas pressure is more uniform thought firing, reducing the whip effect of the barrel. maybe the shorter barrel does not have to deal with as many variables in pressure and vibrations. this is of course assuming the same barrel diameter and composition.

27. “Increased drift is not the end of the world, though, and if measured properly, can be overcome with ease.”

    Don’t be fooled by this, a 10mph wind at 900 yards at a muzzle velocity of 2390 = 2.8 mils (4000 DA at 90*)

    2.8 mils of drift = 24.3ft of drift

    Hmmm…good luck.

    • I agree, one shouldn’t under estimate the need to defy wind with a high muzzle velocity.

    • Lets see…..if you know range you have no trouble determining drop and you account for it. In the same fashion if you can estimate wind (I know it’s hard to do because wind can vary as you proceed downrange to the target) you can also correct for it. Why are you so pessimistic on correcting for wind when you account for drop in a similar fashion?

      • Known distance is easily accounted for if you know your bullet’s drop. Wind is an estimation and therefore the shooter is guessing. Additionally, distance is one measurement, but wind can have multiple speeds and directions you have to account for on each shot. It might appear directly left to right, but in reality, it’s coming left to right and towards you. It’s entirely possible to accurately judge wind, but it is much harder, no matter how much experience you have.

      • For years I’ve been saying both are a calculation and adjustment.

28. Just an opinion but the “longer barrel in more accurate” really applies more to iron sights than optics. A longer sight radius can be more precise than a short one but putting on a scope removes sight radius from the practical accuracy equation.

29. It’s very easy for a passel of wannabe experts (ex = has been, spurt = drip under pressure) to sit on their brains and criticize based on their own opinions of self worth and what they THINK is their expertise. Didn’t see ANY of them state that they had or were even willing to try to ACTUALLY perform similar studies by actually firing the rounds and keeping notes that truly reflect the resultant findings. Josh did a wonderful job of presenting food for thought for us common, ordinary grade flunkies who use our rifle for hunting and recreational shooting. It’s a guess but I would bet that most of them can’t really shoot well enough to hit a washtub from a benchrest at 100 yds; but they will never admit that. Good job, Josh. WAY TO GO.

    • See my earlier comments. Precision Shooter Magazine has done work on the issue. Asking for a guy’s log book is like asking for the Colonel’s secret recipe. The best shooters don’t share the details, just know from experience.

30. Article was a nice Term paper.

    The information found within helps tell and verify the true story commoanly know among long range shooters, that for every inch of barrel you loose roughly 25 fps.

    Other than that it is still misleading and unfactul to try and say a shoter barrel is as accurate.

    Speed is king in long range shooting and velocity is the key.

    • Then as a shooter you of all people know that velocity and therefore drop, is easily accounted for. The shorter barrels lower velocity is easily accounted for. Harmonics due to longer barrels are more difficult.

31. Well….I have a semi-auto .22 rifle with a barrel length of 22 inches and a single shot bolt .22 rifle with a barrel length of 21 inches. The single shot bolt .22 will put multiple rounds through a single bullet hole @ 10 yards, but the best the semi auto will do is make the hole a tad bigger. For 100 yards, the bolt gun has a lot bigger bullet drop. I’ll have to measure it sometime. You wouldn’t think one inch shorter barrel would make that much difference. For what it’s worth, I’m using Winchester long Rifle bullets in both guns, out of the same box.

32. Sure would be nice to cut my 26″ 300 win mag barrel down to 16″ or 18″ to make it easier to run around in the woods with. I’ve always wondered if I really needed 26″ of barrel to have a reliable hunting rifle. Articles like these always tempt me to just go for it and see what happens…if I were only a rich man…

    • Your going to get a huge ball of flame and you are going to have yourself a .308 Win. The whole point of .300 Win Mag is to increase your velocity. Keep your long barrel and kill game. This is one study that doesn’t take into account a whole lot of variable. Take it with a grain of salt.

33. You said, “What has happened here has happened to many people. What our friend did not realize was that his gun was never zeroed at all.”
    This makes me believe I don’t know how to zero my rifle. Wanna elaborate on how to do that correctly?

    • Using your scope and using a rifle rest aim for a specific point (mark one) and shoot say… 10/20 rounds. Go to your target and mark the center of the grouping. With your scope exactly on your original mark secure your rifle so that it cannot move during adjusting of the scope. Look into the scope before adjustment and ensure you are on your original mark – without moving the rifle, adjust your scope to the new mark you just made (the mark indicating the center of the grouping). You are now sighted in.

      • Gonna smack my head for not thinking of it that way. Waaaayyyy over thinking things this morning.

    • Hey Frank,

      The method that Anonymous described is fine. Note one very important point: it is imperative that you let your barrel return to environmental temperature between shots. This will probably take several minutes to happen. Keep your action open and your barrel pointing somewhat into the wind so that a breeze can blow through your barrel and help cool it on the inside as well as the outside.

      And remember that you will have to repeat the process for every new type of ammunition. (You may even want to repeat the process for different manufacturing lots of the same ammunition.)

34. I am liking this test performed by Josh Wayner – I am not liking Josh’s condescending attitude that speaks to us like “I am a competitive shooter so I am right, you are wrong, here are my results from this test, be enlightened by me.” Had he stuck to publishing the results only (instead of explaining things to us in “layman’s” terms) it would have made for a much better read. Regardless…

    I applaud his efforts and the test is certainly worth something. However he used four different barrels. One of each length. If even one of his barrels had a defect (such as the 26″ barrel) then his results would be greatly skewed. For this reason, I do not put much weight on the test. Like a grouping of 10 or 20 shots, had he used 10 or 20 barrels of 26″ long vs 10 or 20 barrels of 16″ long and compared those results it would carry greater weight. If I take a rifle and shoot one shot and hit a bulls eye does that mean that rifle is accurate? The ammunition is accurate? There are so many variables. More variables should have been eliminated. Likewise with the rifle itself. If you are going to perform a test on barrel length it would be feasible to test several barrels of the same length to ensure a more accurate test.

    The comparison itself must be accurate – not just a grouping obtained from a select few barrels.

    • +1

35. Not implying anything about this test specifically, but I often wonder about the design of experiments when it come to guns. Something that I have always been curious about is how did the “five shot” sample size became the standard. Who picked it. I have always found that a 20 shot group would tell me much much more about a rifle than a five shot group. Others have said that a five shot group is easier but that is not much of an answer for a physics / engineering problem. I knew a guy who bought a 300 Master Blaster, he shot four five shot groups, cut out the best one and kept it in his wallet.

36. Barrel length vs. accuracy? Well, “Secrets of the Houston Warehouse” has been around for a while:
    http://www.angelfire.com/ma3/max357/houston.html

    Once you get all the necessary tweaking done on a good hunting rifle, and work up a load, sub-MOA five-shot groups are an easy standard. Been that way for me since around 1950.

37. “Increased drift is not the end of the world, though, and if measured properly, can be overcome with ease”

    With ease huh? The author is basing his velocity doesn’t matter on this statement, with the assertion that wind can easily be overcome. That is simply not true, wind is a bitch and anyone that says otherwise is lying to themselves.

38. “Informal ‘field’ shooting was conducted on private land at safe targets out to a distance of 900 yards, accurately measured by satellite using Google Earth.”

    Measured by satellite? How does that work? I didn’t know Google earth offered a featured that allowed one to task a distance measuring satellite. Or, do you actually mean you measured the distance off a satellite image using Google Earth? That imagery is plus or mins 2-3 yards at best, not real accurate.

39. I don’t think you have to look any further than F class and 100o yd bench rest winners to see what is the accuracy king.

40. Yes very interesting. I am not a rifle guy since my M-1, M-14, M-16 days, long ago. No complaints for all, they accomplished the necessary. As a pistol guy I prefer at least a 4 inch pipe. I have a snub nose I can not hit a barn with over 15 feet but I have seen people do much better. Training and practice makes the difference. For self defense it is about 12 feet or less, fast, first, final or fatal.

41. The author is getting pretty harsh treatment by some but he should be commended for his work in procuring and sharing these data which are certainly valuable and informative. The only criticism I would offer is the over-interpretation of some of the data and use of the term accuracy rather than precision.

    The effect of distance on radial MOA would be more interesting if there were a way to absolutely control for wind, but even a 1-2 mph intermittent stirring will result in a distance-dependant dispersion equal or greater than reported. Also, as noted by someone else, real-world cold bore accuracy (not precision, i.e. grouping) will be reduced by reduced velocity.

42. There are trade offs on barrel length , optimum powder charges for bore size and the length required for top velocity .. The .308 Winchester while a accurate round doesn’t have the case volume for a optimum powder charge for its bore size ,it takes around 70 grains of slow burning powder to reach optimum and 44 inches of barrel to reach maximum velocity using figures that come from Krupp research in long range artillery guns..
    Not that this isn’t a good test of a standard military / hunting round ,yet it wasn’t a optimized round or a optimized barrel length .. Iv’e seen guys buying 22 inch barreled 30-06’s, Remington has got on the short barrel for accuracy band wagon.. My reply to these guys is why didn’t you get one chambered for .308 ? You most likely cut your velocities to .308 levels any way esp with factory ammo that’s intended for 24 and 26 inch barrels.. My message to the average hunter / shooter is don’t run out and cut your 24 or 26 barrels to 18 thinking you’l get a great edge in accuracy you lose the velocity needed to combat wind drift and lose accuracy for practical use .. If it’s a magnum rifle and you cut the barrel even a few inches you no longer have a magnum that extra barrel length most magnums is there for a reason .. To take advantage of the extra powder in the case.. Thanks

43. Humm…. Perhaps we should clarify the actual definition of accuracy. Are tight groupings with minimum MOA references produced ANYWHERE on a target accuracy? Couldn’t we perform a similar experiment using any caliber of firearm at 100 yards to produce tight MOA references. Then we could make the argument that no particular CALIBER is more accurate than another due to similar MOA groupings as well. As long as you say things like: “Once marksmanship fundamentals were observed and proper flight data was applied”, or “This study does not aim to look at terminal effects, rates of drop and drift”. How can we even consider the term “accuracy” without these references?

    As a dumb redneck myself, I tend to define accuracy as hitting what I am aiming at. In the practical world this means I don’t have a spotter, range finder or wind drift calculator to correct for every shot at varying distances. I aim and shoot. I hit what I aim at, both near and long distance with little correction. This is due to the CALIBER and the VELOCITY that I have chosen. The latter of which is some 600 fps faster at 26″ than it would be with a 16″ barrel length according to your data. If I put my rifle in a vise and cut the barrel to 16″ I am absolutely positive that the increased rigidity of the shorter barrel would produce tighter MOA values. In doing this, I would have to apply “proper flight data correction, bullet drop compensation AND wind drift correction to compensate for the inferior trajectory due to DECREASED velocity approaching 30% ( interpolation of your data) in order to hit “where I am aiming”. Interestingly, this would be true DESPITE the tighter MOA grouping from the more rigid barrel.

    This is what I would call “NOT ACCURATE”. But hey,…it’s a great MOA grouping! Where is it on the target though? On the first shot? Before the correction factors have been applied? I’ll bet my longer barrel on the first shot placement for my definition of accuracy any day.

    Accuracy and MOA groupings are two different things. I agree with the data, as long as the right perspective is considered.

44. This was a very interesting study. Thank you.

    As for the velocity issue, since the limitation to how much energy you can put in a bullet is the chamber pressure and subsequently barrel pressure, the longer the barrel the more PV energy you can impart to the bullet. A completely tuned propellant system at each barrel length would show V^2 roughly proportional to the length.

    But as noted, the greater length makes more whipping from harmonics and the longer barrel requires substantially more tuning, perhaps more metal. Think about what happens to a hose when you turn the water on.

45. Glorious article and study. However, it still remains a fact that shorter barrels on precision long-guns look silly. True, there is no effect to accuracy, perhaps an improvement, but aesthetically – a long-range rig with a 20″ (or shorter) barrel looks impotent, imbalanced, abridged, snubby, and weak. There is no denying this – agree? Yes? No? Bueller? I grant exception to a short barrel with a suppressor attached, or that Scally Hill in the photo with what appears to be a large diameter shroud – the terminating fixtures balance the look. 🙂

46. By the looks of it, a 16″ BBL is a pretty solid choice across the board for .308. Handy!

47. I am not surprised by this, but I would point out that many whom were in the military are. Military weapons also have to fire tracers and this is why they have the 1/7 twist and not the ideal 1/12 twist that is optimal for the 5.56 round. When the military went from the M-16 A2 variant with the 20 inch barrel and moved to the A4 which in most versions has a 16 inch barrel there was a significant drop in accuracy. I am sure there is not as significant a drop on a civilian version of the AR-15 with the 1/12 twist even with a shorter barrel.

    I would also point out that the powders of most bullet manufacturers are engineered to be fired out of shorter barrels these days with the explosion in popularity of the AR’s with the 16 inch barrel. If you are shooting at distances over 500 yards you will see an accuracy difference between shorter and longer barrels, 450 yards is simply too close a distance to magnify those results when the 16 inch barrel is shooting bullets engineered for 16 inch barrels. Move the distance to 700 yards and get a load optimized for the 20 inch barrel and then compare the 16 (using the 20 inch optimized round) and the 20 inch barrel and you will see a significant difference.

    If the point of the study was to say there are 16 inch barrels competent to 450 yards I could have told you that before the study but it is nice to see it on paper. Ruger 10/22’s are accurate enough and can drop modest sized game at those distances no problem. Someone was expecting that a .308 (in any size barrel) could not accurately reach out that far? The end of the story is this: at 450 yards is just not that far for modern rifles of shorter barrels with the current selection of ammunition. I would like to see this study revisited at 700 yards with a comparison of the 20 inch barrel and the 16 inch barrel with ammunition optimal for longer barrels (read slower burning). I enjoyed your work Dan!

    James Estrada

48. I think the article and study over generalizes bbl length vs accuracy. If what it says is true then why do most LR, F, FTR guns have 24 to 30″ bbls? Having said that, the gun that holds the IBS HG 1000yd 10 shot record wears a 20″ bbl I believe.

    • @JimmyJames Also consider that if you are shooting a round where say a 1 in 12 twist is optimal a 16 inch barrel with a 1 in 12 will be at least as accurate as a 20 inch barrel with a 1 in 7 twist. If the ammunition they are shooting is optimized for a 16 inch barrel, there will be very little difference in the accuracy. If the ammunition is optimized for a 20 inch barrel you will see a significant difference in accuracy the further away you get.

      James

      • To repeat: http://www.angelfire.com/ma3/max357/houston.html

        I’ve always liked empirical evidence over theories, even when the theories come from obviously knowledgeable people. 🙂

49. How would different twist rates affect the diff weighted rounds over different length barrels?

50. Stability is not a function of barrel length. Heavier bullets are longer bullets, so a faster twist is needed for stability. But a faster twist does not create an accuracy problem for lighter, shorter bullets.

51. I agree with you Desertrat but I would put it slightly different.Every barrel/bullet/powder has a combination that works ideally for it. A good example would be that if you have a 20 inch barrel, you want a powder burn to the end of the barrel and no more, you would not want it stopping at 16 inches (which would be optimal for a 16 inch barrel). But that powder might be fine in a 20 inch barrel if you use a lighter bullet. Desertrat is right in pointing out that stability comes from the spin on the bullet and bigger bullets need less spin and thus fewer twists. The reason compromise twists (twists that are good at shooting a multitude of ammunition) are now common is because people just go buy bullets and don’t designate barrel length. The guns are made more for utility than optimal use (squeezing every foot out of the round you can). Most people I know that are “in the know” (know more than I do ) tell me that most bullets can get about 20% more out of them if the bullet/primer/powder combination is loaded with a specific gun in mind (i.e. a 5.56 with a 22 inch barrel and a 1 in 12 twist) would work best with say (for example) a 50 grain bullet, powder X and primer Y.

52. I’m much more of a hunter than a target shooter. Been reloading for the ’06 since 1950. Once I get a load inside of one MOA, I’m pretty much satisfied.

    Funny how sorta-universal a 1:10 twist can be. My ’06, .243, AR .223 and a Ruger bolt .223 are all 1:10 and all shoot sub-MOA. Barrel lengths of 26″, 19″, 20″ and 22″, respectively.

    I certainly would not argue about “ideal” combinations of powder and barrel length, but in that context I figure I must be running 95% of absolute optimum in my loadings and barrel lengths. 🙂

    I have much respect for guys like the Houston Warehouse crowd, or the Gale McMillans, but they are far more serious students of ultimate grouping than I.

    • @Desertrat you are right that there are many great 1 in 10 rifles in the sub 300 range of caliber. I am not necessarily looking for target ability from premium loading but that is the discipline if you are a target shooter. I prefer the idea of getting as much out of a round as possible because I work in law enforcement and my first call ever was a shooting where an officer (from a Desert city in Arizona coincidentally) called for assistance on a shots fired call. The suspect terminally wounded through the heart by a 9mm at a range of about 60 feet ran for a block and a half with a loaded gun after being shot. I also heard from the shooting team on the site that a fatally wounded suspect fighting on for 1 to 2 minutes in not uncommon if they are on drugs like meth. I started taking interest in rounds with more power but less chance of over penetration, which is when my study of reloading started seriously taking place.

      • Not having been in a shootout, I sometimes wonder if people shoot as a non-fighter fights: One punch, stop and look for the effect. One shot, and stop and see what happened?

        I’ve sorta programmed myself such that if I have to shoot in self-defense, I’ll shoot until the hostility stops.

        My handgun preference is the 1911. I’ve used both .45ACP and 9mm versions. One thing I tend to like about the 9mm is that I could stack an entire magazine in a pretty small group when going at max speed.

        Your comment about the meth-induced resilience reminds me of the Moros of Mindanao and their “juramentado” condition against the US military, back those long years ago.

53. The post strikes me as a defensive bit about how velocity doesn’t matter, short barreled .308 is better for military applications than short-barreled 5.56, and why no one needs a more powerful cartridge than a .308, or a longer barrel than 20″, both of which strike me as aburd. But I should be specific:

    my area of study has been mostly in making weapons more compact and useable for real-world scenarios.

    They’ve been very thoroughly studied by the US and NATO militaries. This isn’t new ground. Neither considers velocity “an abstraction.”

    It appears that a large number of individuals are fixated on the concept of velocity and that bullets must be moving at Mach 11 and call the remaining rounds in the magazine ‘Goose’ and ‘Iceman’ to be taken seriously when in flight…… You always want to get more of her, but you don’t really know why other than just superficial attraction. The allure of a high velocity number on your ballistic card is just too attractive for most to resist.

    This bit, above, is silly. Those shooting light bullets at distant small game know they need high velocity to stand a chance given wind. Those shooting very heavy high-momentum bullets at thick skinned dangerous game know that momentum and sectional density are much more important than velocity for their purpose. It simply is bad manners (and laughable) for you to assume that other more experienced hunters, snipers, and equipment designers do not know what they are doing, but that you do.

    In my personal opinion, the .308 Winchester is by far the best candidate for chambering in your short barrel.

    Which is why the vast majority of them in both military and civilian hands are chambered in 5.56. And shame on the Russkies and Chicoms for not chopping back those AKM barrels!

    No other commonly available cartridge gives you the ability to push a 168gr .30cal bullet out of about 11 inches of rifling at 2380fps while not wasting powder or barrel life. In other words, .308 is the weakest .30 caliber rifle cartridge, except not quite as weak as the .30-30. Got it.

    In point of fact, I don’t think that any rifle of any caliber really ever needs a barrel over 20”. I’m not alone in that sentiment, as many Magpul fans or long range students out there who own The Art of the Precision Rifle will know, cowboy patriot Todd Hodnett states that he will never own another .338 Lapua over 20” again.
    

    No rifle of any caliber …needs a barrel over 20″? Do you live in a cave? Have you ever gone hunting with any caliber larger than .30? Are the militaries of the world simply building all their sniper rifles wrong because they didn’t consult you?

    The thing with shorter barrels is that you have to be mindful of what components you use to load them. And handload you must to get the best performance.

    It may surprise you to learn that this mindfulness is required when reloading other calibers as well. And remember, your custom load numbers are just averages. You’ll never know if you got a particular cartridge loaded exactly right.

    but it’s the truth: velocity is abstract. I’ll give you a few minutes to think about what kind of things you’re going to write me in the comments section. When you get back, I’ll tell you why it doesn’t matter.
    

    The truth is that every shot is different and entirely dependent on a host of external and internal variables.

    We never knew. Are you sure of this?

    Is running fast an abstract concept? Neither is velocity. Both are a statement of a concrete reality, the distance covered per unit time.

    It wasn’t your fault; velocity is just a vain lady. She gets worse, but the thing that you have to remember is that velocity is nothing more than an estimate that begets another estimate.

    What’s with all the “velocity is a lady…a bitch….a fair haired vixen? It’s just velocity, how fast the bullet is travelling. There isn’t any sex involved.

    Velocity is not an estimate. Perhaps what you meant was that your handload is never perfect, and you will never know exactly the temperature down range?

    Yeah, you just made a $7 noise. But don’t worry, it wasn’t your fault. Velocity happens.

    This argument says “since your velocity will vary slightly, you should only use cheaper cartridges.” Then you’ll miss by even more, but it will cost even less. Stick with White Box? The more you miscalculate your ballistic data and make your sight adjustments incorrectly, the cheaper the ammo you should shoot? I agree with that. Everybody agrees with that. Don’t shoot expensive ammo until you are ready to be precise.

    The effects of temperature are constant, and velocity is constantly affected by the environment. Do you see now how velocity isn’t something that can be used as a marker of effectiveness or efficiency? It’s constantly changing; therefore, the terminal and external ballistics of the bullet in flight are changing, too.

    The benefits of higher velocity and a heavier bullet will actually be an increasing benefit when the weather is colder, the air denser: The effect of crosswind will increasingly favor the heavier or faster-travelling bullet (check your advanced ballistics calculator on a few comparisons). Increasing altitude will reduce the benefit.

    When you fire your long 26” barreled rifle at 2805fps average, that bullet has slowed down to 2380 by the time it hits 200 yards. If you were to fire your 16” barreled rifle at an average 2610fps, you will be hitting 2380fps at only 100 yards.

    Yes, the additional velocity delivers a more effective (more energetic, higher-momentum) hit, whether to a moose or a man, downrange. Unless you consider energy and momentum to also be mere abstractions….

    At a range of 540 yards, the 26” barrel yields 3.5 mils of drop from the same 100 yard zero on a 70 degree day. That’s 30% less drop.

    Drop, as any long range hunter, sniper, or paper-target shooter will tell you, is not the problem. Wind is the problem. Shooting from a rest (your pack, sticks) in the field at an elk 400 yards away…you can very quickly dial in your drop, especially with a CDS dial, but you’ll just be guessing the wind drift. You won’t be missing due to elevation. You’ll be missing on the lateral, which is why velocity and bullet mass matter. Which matters more, velocity or bullet weight/momentum, depends on conditions and the nature of the target.

    I thought you did. You can see that temperature alone can play havoc and make your 26” drop like your 16”, which is now dropping like your 13.5”. Abstract indeed. Temperature plays a huge role in how bullets fly, as does elevation and wind. So let’s close the distance a bit to a range most people can shoot at regularly without much environmental interference, like 300 yards.

    Hunters have been taking temperature and elevation into account for well over 100 years. The concepts aren’t abstract. They are calculated based on concrete measures. Abstraction is either a sets concept (mathematics), or means “impractical or vague.” Velocity calculations taking temperature and altitude into account are neither.

    So what? That still looks unimpressive? That’s like a million clicks of difference, Right? On a 70 degree day, there is only a 6.4” (2.1 MOA) difference in point of impact between the 13.5” and 26” barrels. On a 10 degree day, the difference is only 10.8” (3.6 MOA). That equates to very little real-world difference. If you happen to run a 16”, the differences are even less noticeable, those being 4.3” (1.4 MOA) at 70 degrees and 7.5” (2.5 MOA) at 10 degrees. None of this is really that big of a deal for real-world applications.

    What real world application is it that you keep coming back to in your mind, but do not describe in the article? It seems to me you’re thinking of running through the bush with your rifle chambered for a distance round, in a military situation rather than hunting. In the bush you won’t have any long shots, and with a rifle much heavier than a 5.56, you won’t be running so fast or far, either. If you are walking when you hunt, as surprisingly many of us do, you’ll lose nothing by carrying a barrel long enough to burn more powder in the barrel, rather that outside of it.

    What? How is that not a big deal? Let me tell you: all bullets drop, that’s a fact of life. Modern high quality optics can account for it as simply as clicking the elevation turret or looking through the Horus reticule.

    Drop isn’t the problem for practical shooters, whether hunters or soldiers. Wind and a stable shooting position are the problems, together with target movement, time pressure.

    “But Josh! What about wind?”….. Time, patience, and missed shots are part of the learning curve no matter what barrel length or velocity you shoot with when it comes to wind.

    Time and patience offer little help with wind calculations. Velocity and bullet weight ofter plenty of help. Contrary to the thesis of this post. Spin drift? It’s a triviality at the distances mentioned.

    That is another reason I encourage proficiency at medium distances, as there’s significantly less wind influence at closer ranges. This might be a given, but it’s a good given in that there is very little significant difference in drift between a 300gr .338 Lapua at 2800fps (.4 mil drift) and a 168gr .308 at 2380fps (.8 mil drift) at 300 yards in a 10mph 90 degree left to right wind. Even though it is twice as much, it’s only a difference of 4.4” (1.4 MOA). The thing is the .308 gets there at less than 1/5 the cost, less than half the powder, and with a weapon shorter than the Lapua’s barrel when folded. If we’re talking semi-auto, the cost of the system alone can dictate choice, not to mention the availability of parts and weight penalties. That extra 1.4 MOA just got a bit pricy, in other words.

    With a 20 mph wind at 450 yards there is plenty of difference between the rounds compared. Indeed, that’s why a .308 user in the field will want a 180 grain bullet, or a faster cartridge.

    4.4 inches is trivial? Just how wide do you think a Taliban dude’s head is from centerline? A deer’s heart? As for cost, a .338 Lapua bolt-action gun doesn’t cost five times the same quality .308. There is no advantage to a 13″ rifle compared to a 16″-barreled rifle in most actual hunting or soldiering. Running actual behind-the-lines recce in jungle would make it worth the forgone velocity, but approximately no one partakes in that activity.

    the average distance for a police sniper to fire at (not necessarily hit. Looking at you, NYPD…) his target was only 51 yards based on a 2005 report summing up over 200 sniper shots. That’s hardly far at all, but well within the realistic expectations of urban combat. At 50 yards, there is literally no disadvantage to having a short barrel. In the military, a shorter barrel isn’t something that’s new. The SCAR 17 with a 13” barrel is in use with the SEALs currently, and is no doubt the primary target of Lapua’s new 170gr offering. A shorter barreled weapon is also far easier to conceal and jump with, bonus if it has a folding stock as well.

    Police snipers aren’t distance shooters. For that matter, they are not snipers. They just use that term because it sounds cool. They’re just the guys in the department who are supposed to be able to hit something accurately with a (typically bolt-action) rifle. Nonetheless, they do buy those very expensive scopes. The last time I looked, the longest police sharpshooter kill was at 78 yards. How was this section relevant to the thesis?

    Almost no one in any military is jumping in anymore.

    2014-01-07 11.48.01

    I seriously doubt that most people who own a .338 Lapua east of the Mississippi has had a chance to fire it past 900 yards enough to become truly proficient..

    You yourself said you encouraged proficiency at medium range. Is there any reason .338 Lapua people shouldn’t also gain their proficiency at such ranges?

    I’m not going to get into the reasons why people buy the guns they do, but I will say that in America, if it can’t be done by a .308Win, it really shouldn’t be done at all. …… If you feel comfortable carrying a hot loaded .357 or .44 mag up north, realize that a 168gr .308Win, even a 13.5” one, has more force at 1/3 mile than a hot 240gr .44 does point blank. And to think, Fred Bear would have been horrified to learn that the polar bear he shot with an arrow back in 1966 could have laughed off a .308 according to some of the experts I received mail from recently. In short, a short barrel isn’t a handicap for hunting. It’s just the contrary.

    2014-01-07 11.36.09

    My hunting rifle is one of my Scally Hill Systems Mk4Mod7 systems that uses a 13.5” barrel. When folded, it’s just 26.6” long and can maneuver through brush like it’s not even there. Even with the stock in position, it’s only 35.75” overall with a 13” length of pull. It’s smaller than most AR15s out there, uses AICS mags, and it’s still a .5 MOA gun after 4000+ rounds and counting out to 540 yards, and yes, that’s an average of .5 MOA. For hunting anything in America, that’s hard to beat when size and accuracy are concerned. Not to mention, it’s the ideal sized rifle for a guerrilla sniper or armed civilian marksman in a time of unrest.

    For most realistic uses, a short barreled rifle isn’t a handicap. Considering that most hunting and shooting is done at around 100-300 yards given terrain, available practice areas, and shot ethics, there isn’t really a disadvantage to speak of. ….. Bigger bullets do not make up for poor marksmanship, nor does more velocity…… don’t get your hopes up about shooting bad guys. Go buy Modern Warfare 3 and learn to quickscope with the MSR. Trust me, it’s cheaper and you’ll only get bruised verbally by 12 year olds. Get something that you can fire comfortably, effectively, economically, and lethally at the maximum distance that you can fire at regularly. My bet is that you won’t need a 26” .338 Lapua or even a 20” .308 to do that. In other words, don’t try to make up for your shortcomings with more power. That will only magnify them.

    Can you go longer? Sure, you can. But the real question is why you would want to, knowing that you will probably never wring the full potential out of a short barrel to begin with at your typical range or hunting excursion.

    For elk, moose, and sheep hunting, you will certainly want higher velocity and (for moose) heavier bullets. For deer hunting in grizzly and brown bear country you will definitely want to carry a heavier caliber rifle with more velocity. In some hunts (the Delta Bison hunt in Alaska, for example, you’ll have to bring a .30-06 200 grain load. The .308 200 grain load is too low-energy by the Alaska Fish and Game’s opinion. Fred Bear, you will recall, was backed up by a hunter with a heavy caliber rifle.

    But why constantly compare a semi-auto SBR in .308 to a .338 Lapua? They are completely different items meant for different purposes, having different virtues. Has somebody with a .338 Lapua been teasing you?

    The smaller the better in a woman? Huh?

    • When trying to refute a myth, you might try looking into the roots of where it came from. The barrel length DOES make a huge difference when shooting over iron sights, where the myth originated. I think you’d have found that the results would have corresponded to the myth if you had been using open sights and your sight radius shrank from 22 inches down to 14 inches as your tests progressed. There is a reason men used rifles and not pistols. In the West pistols and rifles were chambered on some occasions for the same cartridge. Why? Well, because a pistol was notoriously inaccurate and low powered. Add another ten inches of barrel, and the powder could burn completely imparting more energy to the bullet, AND the sight plane increased by over ten inches allowing greater accuracy. Now if they’d had telescopic sights of the caliber you used, maybe, your test would have meant something. You went to great lengths not to disprove a myth, but to prove a modern truism: modern rifles equipped with telescopic sights do not rely on sight radius for accuracy and therefore barrel length means little in the long run. Next time you might want to address barrel length and muzzle velocity. Of course you might want to point out that this myth also ceased to be relevant when fire arms moved from black powder to modern improved powders. I used to hear waterfowl hunters bragging on the benefits of their 30 inch “goose” barrels, and would have to disabuse them of the notion that it increased their range, the longer barrel only increased the sight radius of their shotgun and may have marginally improved their success with geese. I had success with my 26 inch barrel at all ranges.

54. I do not think abstract means what he thinks it means.

    • @Ropingdown I agree with much of what you said but there are generalities that apply. Yes 5.56/,223 has become more competent in flight out of shorter barrels to greater distances (just like all other calibers). Computer generated simulations and formulations have gone a long way toward accomplishing getting the maximum out of bullets and their respective weapons, While this means a 5.56 of today firing out of a shorter barrel might perform as well as or better than a full length barrel of the past shooting ammunition from a bygone era (say 15+ years) the same factors in development that made the new ammunition competent out of a shorter barrel, have also worked to improve the competency of the ammunition coming out of a longer barrel. So while 400-500 yard distances for the right short barrel (with the right twist) this was nothing remarkable in the past. My Marine Corps beat to death M-16A2 (20 inch barrel) would routinely put 10 out of 10 in the black at 500 meters (yes meters not yards) from a prone position and it was the easiest part of the rifle range qualification.

      While you are correct pointing out the average person seldom shoots at 500+ yards let alone further and thus never builds up a proficiency, let alone maintains it (as Jack Reacher pointed out shooting is a perishable skill), but does that mean you should never practice for the mechanics of such a shot? When I went to the police academy the instructors pounded into our heads that the vast overwhelming majority of gunfights took place in 21 feet or less. The first time I was going to have to shoot someone if he did not stop what he was doing I was about 20 years away, and was scared to death because mentally I had not prepared for the shot. Look if it is a range where a 5.56 (with either a 16 or 20 inch barrel)will kill you, a 7.62 or .300 winchester mag will also kill you. Just because you seldom shoot to 500+ yards does not mean you should not be able to.

      Right now we should be celebrating the enhanced competency of shorter barrels and not arguing the semantics of the newfound competency of short barrels.

55. What powder was used with the handloads? Powder burn rate could make a big difference.

56. After going numb trying to find filtering through the most valid comments made (after trying to thoroughly understand the article), the main idea is simple…. The barrel length factor is only a myth! UNTIL you have trial & erred each individual item ie: bullet (specific weight, model, etc..), powder type and weight (and finding the sweet-spot for each in relation to barrel length), case and primer (to get really picky), the the barrel itself!!! Composition (Steel, Chro-Moly, Stainless, etc…), its crown!!! The twist was covered (1-10″),but there should be more elaborate tests with different twists per different barrel lengths. I have read lots of comments concerning fluting, barrel weight, & harmonics, and I feel these are very valid concerns which should be observed in conjunction with all of the many other factors! And, to touch on something which I didn’t read about: number of grooves and types of rifling!! I have read and believe that less grooves equals less resistance, therefore increasing velocity. How were the riflings cut? How were they lapped? There are just way TOO MANY FACTORS to get precise data…. Especially if you’re not immortal and/or financially unlimited. I’ll stick to building a gun beginning with barrel and action (whichever comes first), and then choosing a bullet, then powder type and weight, until I feel I have found the best fit with each, one thing at a time… This doesn’t include days I forget to eat or take my meds, and I shake more than I did another day.. so much stuff to consider!

    • Give me $10K and I’ll be as detailed as you want.

      • Recommended reading:

        http://www.angelfire.com/ma3/max357/houston.html “Secrets of the Houston Warehouse”. Talks about three years of effort in an indoor range, for groups inside 0.1 MOA.

        From the 1890s, E. B. Mann’s “The Bullet’s Flight From Powder To Target”.

57. the arguememnt for barrel length versus accuracey is legendary and is argued at almost every level of shooting. The only shooting discipline that can accuratey argue the point is the benchrest circuit, specifically the “rail gun” crowd. Accuracy is as much a component of barre length as it is projectile weight / coefficient and powder charge. Combine these factors with actual yardage ( i’m an old guy- i like the imperial system) and the data set can be overwhelming. It is a well documented fact that barrel length will effect velocity and that velocity can be directly and proportionally tied to accuracy at given distances. If TTAG reader were hoping for a forehead slapping, epiphany like article they are probably too new to the shooting sports to intelligably argue the points.

58. Why make this so complicated? Take the same round, same load, same twist, same everything. Anchor the different length barrels rigidly (no shooter). Put some target of sufficient size out there some distance far enough so that all the rounds don’t go into the same hole. Fire a bunch through each barrel and measure the spread of the pattern. The other stuff may be interesting but contains so many contaminating factors as to be worthless. If you must screw around with the mechanics, vary the load so that the velocity is the same for each barrel length. It is fun to have these arguments that go on for years and provide income for the different sides of the argument but like so many things, this is not a thing about opinion, it is, or can be made, empirical.

    • You were square on with your comments until you said “screw with the load until the velocities are the same”….Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to the rate at which an object changes its position.- if you match velocities out of two different length barrels, given the matching ballistic coefficients – your results will be the same “down range”. Quick basic litmus test would be to change only one variable- barrel length. And then measure the impact spread at known distances.This is science fair 101.

59. Hi John I am wondering what powder and primer did you use for the 110 grain vmax

60. Sorry I meant Josh not John 🙂

    • Hey, sorry I don’t check this article often! My tested load was wildly hot but very, very accurate out to very great distance.

      Win brass

      CCI BR2 Primer

      48gr Benchmark

      If you don’t handload alot, don’t blow your gun up trying to do this.

61. As I result of reading this article I bought a 700 in heavy barrel 16.5″. It gets so much hate. No shorty love. I always refer people back to this article. Thanks for taking the time to put this together.

62. lol. 1MOA accuracy at 900 yds with a 110gr VMAX?

63. Nice caveat: This study does not aim to look at terminal effects, rates of drop and drift, combat effectiveness, ethical viewpoints, or legal/political issues.
    Increased barrel length does not mean a more accurate barrel. The benchrest crowd proved that years ago. So if accuracy is your primary concern, a moderately short barrel may be ideal.
    Basically it comes down to ergonomics – what works for you. You like a 16 inch barrel, then get one. You like shooting small targets at long range, get a longer barrel.
    What increased barrel length does add is more velocity, more energy, less drop, and less drift. Being a hunter, those are the factors that matter to me.

64. This whole article and the following comments are quite possibly the largest collection of willful ignorance I’ve come across outside of random zombie forums. Outside of the 1 in 20 post that actually know what they’re talking about.

    Any approach at getting results being completely ruined by the massive amount of uncontrolled variables.

    Furthermore, this used only 1 type of round. This does not make it all inclusive for all rifles. Try shooting a .50 BMG round out of a 13″ barrel. Go ahead and cut that 300 win mag down to 16″. Lets see how much velocity you lose cutting down a 6mm barrel.

    There is no real “truth” to such a general topic and broad spectrum that encompasses firearms in this article.

    Sure, a shorter barrel is more rigid than a longer barrel. Congrats. You wasted all that time and energy “proving” something that has been explained ad nasuem by real shooters and barrel manufacturers.

    You should rename this to “I cherry picked my data to prove my point of view”. That is all this was. Most of the commenters should cancel their internet forever.

    • You speak like a man who thinks he knows everything……

      As an avid gun owner and aeronautical engineer I think the article makes a good first cut at variables affecting accuracy. Only snobs and the uninformed look down on research that does not cover everything to their satisfaction while the rest of take the good gleaned from what we read. Bottom line: if you don’t like the article go do your own research so we can pick it apart like you did this one……

65. I just bought my AR 15 Anderson 16 in Barl. Molly Lined 1 in 7 twist [ just wanted to know what was the twist rates on barells tested ? i think in all the readind i might have missed it. im shootin Hornday 40 gr sight in dead bulls eye 100 yrds. 200 yrsd 5 rounds in 2 in group . I think this is pretty Darn good right up there with my Savage Bolt .243 . I was planning on buyimg a longer barell for my AR but i think i will save some $ and just buy AMMO ;] Coyotes will be Howling RUN HIDEEEE

66. The article had some good info, but in a nutshell it needs to be understood for most average shooters a longer barrel will be more accurate especially when shooting a pistol versus a rifle.. A 9mm carbine’s trajectory is easier to calculate then that of a 5 inch barreled 9mm pistol..

    The barrel length itself is only part of the factor because a .308 will go further with more power and less drop then a 5.56.. but because most people aren’t as good at instinctively calculating a bullet drop trajectory so even a difference of 300 fps can matter..

    Yeah I’ve seen guys who can shoot and hit a target at 400+ yards with a 9mm – because they practice and do it all the time.. but the average guy who shoots occasionally won’t be able to replicate this often..

    The “study” doesnt cover “IF” there is a tipping point. What if you cut a rifle barrel off to the length of 5 inches or 6 inches? Yes, I know thats not practical… but the point is you WON’T see the military or anyone else buying 6 inch rifles anytime in the forseeable future.. I’m sure the SEAL team & USMC Force Recon will stick with standard equipment because they need the extra 300+ FPS when using that longer barrel and shooting targets a 1/4 mile out and much further..

67. A *lot* of info to absorb. This’ll require multiple readings.
    My takeaway: my 26″ 357mag levergun provides more mag capacity & that’s about it. I can live with that.
    Thanks y’all!

68. Absolutely great article based on scientific fundamentals. Thank you for sharing. My passion for understanding ballistic science and the practical application thereof makes this fantastic reading. Wish I was closer to have been part of your research team. Thanx!!

    • actually the teir 1 units are using 16 inch 308 sass with great effectivenesss

69. Interesting study. One thing to consider is longer barrels aren’t as stiff as a shorter barrels. Barrel profile also has an effect. A long skinny barrel is whippy, a heavy long barrel is less so. What that adds up to is a longer barrel provides a level of practical velocity (a velocity which kills quickly) which a shorter barrel can’t. So if you want excellent accuracy out of a long, heavy barrel which provides velocities which kill instantly, you need to find the accuracy velocity of that heavy, long barrel. There’s an article which explain this in great detail. See http://www.sportbar-favorit.ru/accuracy.html
    Best Regards
    Luther

70. In almost every data point in the nine accuracy graphs here the 26″ performed better than the 13.5″.

    So the claim that “There was no noticeable critical difference in accuracy at any range.” seems incongruous with the data.

71. Thank God there was a link in your other article, to this one… So yeah… Have you started a blog yet? I think people should get more into the research and start questioning everything that they seem to know. Thanks for another great article.

72. I thought Josh’s preconceived statements on barrel length, velocity and accuracy clearly depict common beliefs especially among surface readers and non-readers whom rely mostly on gun club banter. I’m sure we all understand a blog post is by no means a canvas for an all out research report. His work here does seem to predicate his thesis and I look forward to seeing more in-depth and expanded research on the topic in the future. Assuming the expense of any real world research in this area I’m looking forward to a crowd funded experiment in the coming years.

73. To call this pile of juvenile word salad a study is a gross disservice to those in academia, government and industry that are doing actual real research. Just the space confirmation bias in this thing is enough to fill a galaxy. Asking a question that could not be possibly answered because the experiment wasn’t properly designed to do so is intellectual dishonesty or willful ignorance or borne of idealogical zeal. TTAG should be ashamed of promulgating this nonsense as information. At best the “study” results do not agree with the conclusions.

    • It is intriguing that “some dude” doesn’t give a real name… and yet he is claiming to have knowledge of higher “academia”. This is funny for two reasons. First, learn what an oxford comma is and when to use it. Second, don’t bash someone’s opinion then say the study dos not match the results when you give no hypothesis, synthesis, (notice the oxford comma I just used) or adjudication as to why the study is bogus. Who am I going to take more seriously? “Some dude” blabbing on a blog without any support or proof OR a company that obviously has money and the means to perform some testing and give results? If you want to be skeptical than at least suggest that it is worth looking into before you blast it without proof.

    • I hold three engineering degrees and I disagree with you. I thought the article was a very good start at using science to attempt to answer real world questions. BTW: since you invoke ‘academia”, what’s you academic background?

74. Although interesting and compelling, the methods and the author’s conclusions are seriously flawed. A fifteen to thirty-one percent variance in data is not insignificant as the author claims. This author failed to employ the basic tenets of the scientific method, in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and most importantly, the hypothesis is empirically tested. This test is not science. The author failed to identified a standard and compare different conditions against that standard. If, for example the M80 ball, designated as a standard, was fired through barrels of different lengths and factory ammunition of different bullet weights were compared to this standard, this data might be valid. But by using ammunition from multiple manufactures and bullets types, to include hand-loaded ammunition, the author’s data is at best food for thought. In affect, the author has increased the volume of misinformation on this topic published on the internet.

    • you seem like a real smart and bold guy anonymously attacking a good author with a dry tone and stark opinions. why don’t you publish a report like this and see how seriously others take you. Sorry, but I’m just tired of trolls on this site. good day.

      • Actually, you are being sarcastic, naive or holding someones hand. This guy is correct and you should know that. I will give you an example. M855 was developed to shoot out of 20 inch barrels. It does ok out of 18 inch barrels. However, it doesn’t live up to the standard of piercing 1 side of a steel helmet at 600 meters with a 16 inch barrel.

75. Yesterday I took my SAV 12 6MM BR NORMA out to the range, It has a 29″barrell and a 1in8 right hand twist. I shot two 4 shot groups , 0.1295″ and 0.1795″ at 100 yards. Admittedly I had refined the projectile seating depth. The first was on the lands and the second 20 thou off the lands. I was gobsmacked, never having shot that well at 100 yards with ANYTHING. The intervening groups were unremarkable at 5 thou intervals. Needless to say I gave her a cuddle when I cleaned her and put her away. I think it was the long barrel, low load of slow burning powder and Berger 105 grain VLD projectiles.

76. I’ve read through this article and the comments a number of times. I appreciate both sides of the argument, and perhaps I should just leave it at that, but I feel compelled to say something.

    A lot of criticism is directed at the author for conducting a study that to many was not detailed or scientific enough. Yet in the same criticism, a great deal of weight is attached to wind without any mention of how much and from where. Yes I’m being pedantic, heavier and faster bullets will fair better in any wind than lighter, slower ones; but the point I am making is that surely in assessing “accuracy” or “precision” the notion of wind is meaningless. From a practical standpoint it is critical but in assessing whether a shorter or longer barrel is more accurate shouldn’t one be shooting in a wind tunnel to eliminate another external factor from the equation?

    I honestly don’t disagree with a lot of the comments made above, I have no dog in this fight, I don’t know Josh from Adam but I feel that some of the criticism is a little misguided. If you hunt, or wear a uniform I can appreciate that terminal effects downrange are similarly critical and it may be inadvisable to unnecessarily reduce bullet velocity where lives hang in the balance.

    That said, this study appears to show that a wide range of .308 ammunition (much of it not optimized for a particular barrel length) was shot out of barrels of varying length over various distances without a significant difference in accuracy.

    It was suggested that the same may well not be true of other calibres. I’ll subscribe fully to that theory. What these results do emphasize to me however is that the argument that the .308 calibre is extremely versatile is well founded. Whilst obviously the best results are obtained by optimizing barrel length and loads, what is apparent here is that even mismatching ammunition with barrel length produces credible results.

    Obviously building a 1000 yard gun with a 13.5″ barrel isn’t optimal but it is nice to know that with the advent of new firearms like Faxon’s ARAK 31 you could conceivably have a single rifle that serves as both an SBR with a sub 14 inch barrel and a longer range firearm with a 20 inch barrel and be able to expect decent accuracy over appropriate ranges irrespective of what ammunition is available.

    Of course that type of information is probably only relevant to people on Zombie Forums looking to build a bug out gun for which they can scavenge ammunition from any Walmart, Mom and Pop store or isolated farmhouse they come across …

77. Very good article. Makes a good case for those who have bought a shorter barrel rifle but in the case of say an AR-15 there are some good reasons why people buy the 20″ barrel (the old mil spec length) instead of the shorter 14″-18″ barrels: 1) because of the longer barrel the gas pathway (for ejection) can be located farther down the barrel which results in lower gas pressure (and therefore presumably longer life) due to these lower pressures. On a shorter barrel, the gas port is located closer to the chamber meaning the gas is bled off at a much higher pressure with greater demands put on the system; 2) the recoil on a 20″ seems to be less than on a shorter barrel maybe because of more mass in the gun; 3) the bullet velocity is higher on a longer barrel and this results in a flatter trajectory. This is due to greater work applied to the bullet with work being the integral of PdV where P is pressure and dV is the change in volume. A greater barrel length has greater volume and hence more work is expended resulting in a higher velocity; 4) when using iron sights you get a better sight distance on a longer barrel. This is negated if you use a scope but for iron sights, the longer the distance between the sights the better the aim, in general and 5) the weight difference on an AR type weapon for a 16″ vs a 20″ barrel is a whopping 12 ounces (approx) out of about a 7 lb weapon. For these and other reasons, people elect to carry the slightly longer weapon.

    All in all though, you were spot-on with your information in showing that you don’t necessarily give up accuracy because of a shorter barrel but in the case of an AR, you do give up a number of things.

78. Fact: To present this article as a “scientific study” is laughable.

    • Question: And how many contributions have you made to the shooting community? That’s what I thought.

      • your point? other than being a troll

79. 900 yds is not exactly the “Long Range” at which Long barrels become relevant now is it???
    Match shooters and Fclass go out to 1200 yds.. they do not mince about with anything less then 28″

    Try shooting a mile or a even just a kilometer with 308 out of that short barrel, then you might start to see some relevant data. I know guys that hit with great results at those ranges, but i can tell you they ain’t using 20″ barrels,they ain’t using 26″ either wich will get you to 1000 meters when a 20 won’t. And nevermind the 13″ Why are we even discussing this??

    • Why are we discussing this? Well, I think that is the comment of a narrow-minded person stuck in the old way of thinking. This article is extremely relevant to our interests as a community as SBRs and shorter rifles become the standard.
      I’ve shot a lot at longer ranges, and I’ll tell you that that represents only a small percentage of my actual shooting and hunting. I don’t think anyone would take an SBR out to hunt at 1200 yards, but there is literally no difference in anything out to about three hundred yards or meters. If you plug in the data and such for the 175 GGM, there isn’t even a real-world difference at that range, which makes a more compact rifle better for hunting in my mind. It’s already loud, so that’s not an issue.
      Also, I don’t think this article was written for people shooting F-Class. Your statement was kinda like posting about Formula 1 rules on a Neon mods site. I think it was written to show the normal shooter that he wasn’t losing anything by going shorter, which is all the rage these days. The whole 1000 yard benchmark is a bogus old way of trying to make rifles perform in ways that they weren’t meant to. There’s a reason the author of this article chose 900 yards as his limit, which if you read it you would know was as far as he could go, so I don’t know why you chose to make that an issue.
      Anyways, Van, ego is big when you sit behind a keyboard, but I bet you’d never cut up a barrel yourself and then take crap on the internet from know-it-all desk jockeys. The earth was flat once, just like all barrels had to be long. Times change, so try to keep up! If you read this, Josh, thanks and keep up the good work!

80. I see a lot of hate on this article, but 175 or so comments spanning three years makes this one of the most traffic-rich and heavily debated articles on this site I’d bet. I found this while looking up a question about SBRs and this answered my question. I just can’t believe how narrow-minded most of the people in these comments are about what I think is a huge contribution to the community as a whole. I usually never comment on these boards, but the comments here are just incredible in their creative lack of vision. This is embarrassing, guys. A man going to college takes the effort to make a difference and honestly shows his results and you smear him with opinions stuck in the stone age? Seriously? This is how the gun community treats pioneers and trailblazers? You guys make me sick and I can see why the liberal left wants to disarm you. You can’t even be civil to your own people in your own press! Shame on you!

    Josh, if you read this, which I don’t know if you will, please take solace in the fact that your article has inspired a hundred shooters for every detractor in these comments. Shorter barrels and compact rifles are the way of the future and I’m sending my own 308 to be cut down to make it handier and lighter. Good work and please do more to rile up the neanderthals lurking in this community.

    Lonny H

    • Hey Lonny,

      I was an anthropology minor in college and, from what I learned, Neanderthal people were actually very intelligent and had a very long run in the timeline of human evolution. I wouldn’t think that they would be easy to rile up, as the fossil record demonstrates that they were expert craftsmen and hunters. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-11408298
      Therefore, I believe that they would readily embrace new technology and be open to the ideas I presented here, unlike some members of Homo Sapiens Sapiens.

      Thank you for the support, Lonny. I’m glad I was able to help you out. Don’t worry about how this stuff is received by the community. They will learn eventually.

      Josh

      • Someone has to drag them into the 21st century, kicking and screaming.

81. Maybe I missed it, but where did you explain the hand load information? Unless you used specific burn rate powders for the different barrel lengths, ie: Slower burning for longer barrels I believe your tests and report are only valid for your specific burn rate of powder…
    Manufactured ammunition is generally manufactured as a good average for a specific caliber in a range of barrel lengths. Lets us your standard 308 Winchester X as an example. Put this is a typical 308 bolt action with a barrel length of 18-22 inches and will observe 1 MOA accuracy. Now take the same Ammo and it put it in a 26″ barrel and it shoots terrible! Why is this? It is because it wasn’t designed for that barrel length for optimum accuracy. Now go and buy a box of Supreme Hunting Ammo….More likely than not you will have the EXACT OPPOSITE results! it will perform under MOA in the 26″ barrel and shoot horrible from your run of the mill 18-22 inch barrel.
    Reloading is a science and you will find that taking ALL the recommended powders and loading with them for a specific gun the results will be similar…..Different powders are for different barrel lengths and burn rates. When I started reloading I would just select a power and load using all the proper techniques etc. I am getting much better now at picking a powder based on burn rate and the barrel length of the gun it is intended for. I have found that it is exponentially more accurate and takes much less time to work up a load. I would say when you have the right powder you can pretty much just load to whatever velocity you desire within spec and your results will be great! No more latter testing etc…
    This was a great article but in mypinion inconclusive for the intended purpose.

82. This is an old post but was hoping someone would still be monitoring. As a qualified “Hoosier Hick”, who also has a Masters Degree, a fascination w statistics, and a job to match both, love empirical data and analysis. Maybe I missed it but I curious on some qualitative info, the complete experience-level of the shooter(s)? Does a longer barrel offer more stability for a more inexperienced shooter? For full disclosure, contemplating building a dual purpose AR-10 (tactical and hunting), as I own a couple AR-15’s but very much want to make an
    educated choice on barrel–which is my starting point.

83. It seems to me you are referring to the variability of the rifle’s precision and not its accuracy. A rifle with a smaller SD of MOA in more precise than one with a greater MOA. One rifle with a ten inch group around a the point of aim point and another gun five inches around the same point are both accurate. One is more precise than the other.

84. Interesting. Can’t say I am looking forward to sighting in a few new scopes I have just mounted after reading it. Earlier this year I purchased a break barrel airgun that was supposedly one of the better ones out there. When I tried to get a scope on it to zero though, it was all over the place. Finally, just to see, tried to see how it grouped with open sights at 25 feet. Still all over the place. Great to know info, add to that that some guns should just be sent back to their maker with a “Need refurbishing work” sticker on them for a big discount off of new for the next down ballot consumer.

85. I often suspected these facts on short barrels to be true. But only had facts about velocity per inch lost when chopping a barrel. And when looking for evidence could only find armchair commandos very hostile opinions. Dont ask them anything unless you want to be virtually spit on and ridiculed. I honestly believe that alot of these people are kids and old ass wannabe people who are to dumb and lazy to do anything but watch youtube. So thank you very much for trying to prove you theory. And good luck with your schooling.

86. I know you went to a lot of trouble for your data. Your test should have been conducted with 3 – 5 different rifles. Also when you load for a rifle you take in account the barrel length the bullet size the primer used how old the rifle is the cartridge and then you also lathe the cartridge thickness to even it out and trim the neck, deburr the primer pocket inside and out for the even flash, tumble the brass until it is clean inside and out, weighing and separating the cases and bullets into categories before reloading. A casing or (bullet) that weights slightly more than another means that it is thicker than the other hence it will hold the bullet with more pressure releasing the bullet with more pounds per square inch giving you the inaccurate grouping that you were getting. Doing these steps and more gives you the tighter grouping that you didn’t get in your results. You will also see the difference in accuracy from barrel lengths on distance shots. I reload for many people and when they shoot their grouping at 100 yards will fit in a dime.

    • As the gentleman said above, the data is insignificant (which doesn’t mean meaningless, necessarily), because there are a lot of unaccounted-for variables, including but not limited to the raw number of rifles AT EACH LENGTH tested. I normally appreciate TTAGs articles, but there are so many holes in this one that my reading it was a waste of time. You can do better.

87. My lord what a long thread. We’ll said above. Was the rifle scrubbed clean before the test because if it was then you most deffinately introduced a climbing relative mv, lessening the mv loss with each chop. Your barrel would have been better to have dirtier up over 40 shots first.
    -I think you proved that velocity is vital to precision so yeah cheers for that. This made me buy a long barrel rather than a puny carbine that can only send light projectiles out to 100y ads. A slower bullet has to be lobbed up much higher to hit the same point. If there is wind, it gains a foot/second for every additional foot of elevation. That’s why the 308 is pathetic past 800m

88. I just want to comment, or ask what if, concerning barrel length and accuracy. Your accuracy was based on your ability to shoot a scoped rifle accurately. Your tests showed that the scoped rifle you used seemed to be more accurate with a shorter barrel. My supposition about this is that a shorter barrel rifle is lighter and easier to hold still than a rifle with a long barrel.

    Velocity may not seem to be important to a target shooter but 300 plus fps can mean the difference between a clean kill and a wounded animal if the bullet velocity is not high enough to upset the bullet jacket and cause a killing wound.

    Now to the meat: Did you try your accuracy tests with a shorter and longer barrel using open sights? Barrel length makes a big difference to one who shoots open sights. The longer sighting plane and heavier front end weight helps with muzzle stability and thus helps to create better accuracy.

    The data you present proves that your shooting ability with a scoped rifle presents one type of information for one type of rifle with certain accoutrements. Now go test a Plain Jane unscoped rifle and see what happens. Barrel length will make a difference in velocity and target accuracy.

    I use scoped long barreled rifles because I shoot them better.

    Thanks
    Ron

89. I seems to me that you have only provided evidence that the barrel that flexes more is less precise. If it was true simply that a shorter barrel was more accurate than a longer one then a 10″ barrel with the minimum wall thickness to contain the pressure would be more precise than a 20″ one with an inch thick wall.

90. You will never see a 13.5 inch barrel in any serious, professional (stakes are high) rifle competition, nor will a 16 inch barrel make the winner’s circle. And there are numerous, real-world, valid reason for that. You will never see a professional soldier who is a sniper shooting long range with a 13.5 inch barrel. And there are numerous, valid, real-world reasons for that. This study was a comical exercise in defending the guy who desperately wants to believe that his sbr can do it all.

91. The fliers may be caused by variable ammo

92. Nice work Josh. However, you seem to have found yourself in the proverbial “when an irresistible force meets an immovable object” conundrum, as my late dad, rest his soul, was fond of saying. The shooting community is rather unforgiving of those who would knock their sacred cows. I am an experienced shooter, open to challenges to my preconceived ideas, no matter what they may be. That said, you presented an intelligent, well thought out, fact based argument. The funny thing is to see the viciousness with which the attacks are launched. I do not recall you once saying, “Okay everybody, based on my conclusions, you all must immediately go out and buy hacksaws and cut all your rifle barrels down to 13.5”.! I believe you were very clear that this works for you, but no one is obliged to take your path. I for one am intrigued, and would have bought one of your rifles if you were still building them. Since I already have a .308 bolt gun sitting around waiting for a change, I wonder if you would let me know how to build a rig similar to yours?

93. There is a lot of good information under the Elements of the Study section, covering all manner of physical conditions. But, I don’t see any mention of who (or what) did the firing. Also, the phrase “This study was conducted with a set of standards that do not necessarily correspond to all manner of firearms.” sounds like legalese for “This might be BS, but we’re gonna publish it anyway!”

    I’m not very familiar with firearms (yet) but I am familiar with science, and in science you try to minimize human factors. Unless you had the most robotic human in the world firing in an extremely consistent way, you can chalk it all up to human factors. Maybe that particular human was more experienced with certain firearms and threw off the data. I tend to trust common sense until data proves otherwise, and your data means nothing unless you follow sound scientific principles.

    • agreed. its a noble first attempt but to me, not scientific really. he would need multiple shooters of varying skill, among many other variables that need to be accounted for.

94. Barrel length DOES influence accuracy greatly IF the gun has iron sights. A rifle with a longer barrel is going to have a longer sight plane and consequently the shooter will be able to make finer adjustments.

    • for this test, the sights are part of the subject matter. just the barrel length. so IS and length of sight is a moot point.

      • sights are NOT part…

95. i think were a lot of confusion and arguments come from is no baseline terminology definitions. some people combine terms and definitions and it gets hard to tell exactly what they mean when someone says “accurate”. they may not have words like trajectory in their vocabulary so they substitute it for something else. i have gotten to where i specifically ask what a person means by a certain word if it seems they have a different usage of that word that what is proper/normal. i live in arkansas, so that happens a lot.

    i had come to the conclusion years ago, with my own testing, that ammo selection is definitely one of the main factors in consistent accuracy.

    interesting read.

96. This is interesting information, but it has one huge limitation: it’s all about long guns. Not very useful for handguns – which for me is about 99% of my personal interaction with firearms. For ordinary self defense handguns, barrel length does indeed correlate very strongly with both muzzle velocity (unless you get some wickedly fast burning powder) and putting the bullet on target (due to sight radius). Barrel length also tracks with grip size and total mass, so a handgun with a longer barrel will be more comfortable to shoot. But harder to conceal and carry comfortably. Refer to BBTI for more info.

    Summary: this article is academically interesting but not very relevant for my needs.

    • Regardless of your needs, the article was about rifles, not pistols.

      • Before clicking through into the article and reading several paragraphs, it was not at all apparent that handguns weren’t going to be considered. Why would someone with a rifle care about length? By the end of a barrel of about 16 inches, most of the powder has burned, and the sight radius will be plenty long. A hunter or sniper will probably use optics anyway. But with a barrel in between 1.5 and 10 inches, the length makes a much bigger difference. Thus it’s more relevant to discuss for handguns than for rifles. I must say I was pretty confused to read it and find the minimum tested was only 13.5 inches.

97. Great article and interesting research. I applaud the original author for taking on the project and sharing the work.

    From a scientific perspective the original paper has several limitations as well as delimitations, which is where I will start.

    First, the author uses a range of different ammo loads. This helps the the ability to generalize the findings. Second, the original barrel was modified, which eliminates a range of other, potentially, confounding factors. Finally, a range of distances were used. It is possible that one setup is more precise at a given distance while another ammo/barrel combo is better at a different distance.

    There are several limitations to the study. Foremost is that incomplete data are reported. E.g. The descriptive data should always include not only the average but relevant other statistics including standard error/deviation. Because this data is not present it is the readers’ error is using the incomplete descriptive data to draw inference about the underlying population. This is the readers’ fault, not the author’s. Finally, even if the data were captured and reported here, generalization to all calibers/distances is simply not possible with s study with this very limited scope.

    I have a lot of experience with statistical studies and am happy to volunteer my time to consult on a similar project should someone wish to undertake it.

98. Outstanding article. Thanks much and sorry about the nay sayers. There’s really isn’t any amount of data and facts that will satisfy them. They are too invested in their religion(s)…

99. A correlation of data points with this published test is required since the author has attempted to publish the results of a scientific approach to invalidate his preconceived theories on the subject and states that his results are somewhat unique and superior to others who have gone before. His attention to detail is to be respected but his actual variety of data points which were collected were the restraining factor. His statements that he somehow is breaking new ground and that definitive conclusions relative to statements made postulating absolute accuracy values which could be obtained are absolutely redefined by this accuracy study where an average five shot group of 0.025 inches was repeatable. So he has some additional schooling left to do and a few more variables in data points to collect and include so that he can tighten up his data and resulting conclusions. His research tools (rifle and barrel) were not the best in class examples of which to obtain ultimate accuracy, so his conclusions are specific to his equipment used.
    http://precisionrifleblog.com/2013/10/18/secrets-of-the-houston-warehouse-lessons-in-extreme-rifle-accuracy/

100. This is not so much a comment as it is a question for anyone on this site that may have the answer. That question would be about full powder burn On a 308 rifle and what would the barrel length need to be to get it I read everything about barrel Length and all of that but I didn’t see anywhere in there about getting the full powder burn on a 308 rifle and what would the barrel length need to be to get it and I believe that has a Lot to do with getting the greatest accuracy and velocity out of the round if anyone could answer this I would be greatly appreciative thank you very much I look forward to the answer p.s. ruffling is 1in 9 twist

101. You only shot to 540 yards that’s a far fetched claim to say collected data would translate to longer distance… I would suggest you research transonic affect and what happens to bullet stability around 1340 fps. Then reconduct your test and actually shoot to 900 yards.

102. Grand Rapids checking in here!

     Way to represent MI. Very interesting results

103. I unapologetically resurrect this old dog in order to thank the author. I was looking at a 16″ bull barrel for my next LR308 build, wondering if I would regret the choice. Nope, I think it’s just going be a lot easier to carry than the 20″ bbl .308 that I recently finished. And maybe more accurate at the same time, who knows.

     I was concerned about loss of muzzle velocity until I read this:

     https://rifleshooter.com/2014/12/308-winchester-7-62x51mm-nato-barrel-length-versus-velocity-28-to-16-5/

     Particularly with heavier bullets the difference approaches 100FPS. I can live with that.

104. The affect of barrel length to velocity loss is caliber specific. The .308 used in this study is one of the calibers least affected by shortening the barrel. If the study were done with a higher intensity caliber, such as .270 or .243 Win, the results would much more dramatic. The same would be true for a .300 Win Mag. This is not opinion, it is fact, demonstrated by chrono results.

     The real determining factor in barrel length vs: velocity is total volume of the chamber and barrel. The lower the volume in proportion to the chambering, the more dramatic the velocity loss is by shortening the barrel. For example, a .243 uses the same case and has almost the same powder volume, to the grain, as the .308. However the barrel volume is much smaller. Therefore the .243 bullet is experiencing higher pressures all the way down the barrel compared to the .308. The .308 drops pressure faster when the bullet moves down the barrel than the .243 barrel does. Since we all know that pressure = velocity, it follows that higher pressures in the barrel, for longer time, gives higher velocities and more sensitivity to barrel length. This hypothesis is borne out in chronograph data. That is why the old rule of thumb of Jack O’Connor is still applicable to this day. “High intensity” calibers like the .243 Win, .25-06 Rem, or .270 Win lose about 25 fps per inch, while the parent calibers of those same cases, the .308 or .30-06 lose about 15 fps or less per inch. These velocity loss numbers are for full power hunting ammunition or reloads, not reduced velocity loads.

     The bottom line is barrel length should be selected by caliber and intended use. If your shooting magnum or high intensity loads, every inch matters significantly to velocity.

     p.s. the author saying a 30% increase in windage is “Increased drift is not the end of the world, though, and if measured properly, can be overcome with ease.” is laughable to any long distance shooter.

105. I honestly don’t think I’ve ever heard someone claim a shorter barrel was less accurate. I suppose I frequent the classier places on the internet. The inch by inch break down across several loads is gold.

106. Just think of how many inches of barrels this article would have spared if posted earlier.

     All the long range benchrest and F class guys using 30”+ barrels when 13.5” are actually more accurate.

     I trust this article over the thousands of most accurate shooters hacking away at world records. As soon as I find my hacksaw im gonna make all my rifles more accurate.

107. cialis without a doctor’s prescription name brand cialis without prescription

108. Just think of how many inches of barrels this article would have spared if posted earlier.

     All the long-range bench rest and F-class guys using 30”+ barrels when 13.5” are actually more accurate.

     I trust this article over the thousands of most accurate shooters hacking away at world records. As soon as I find my hacksaw I’m gonna make all my rifles more accurate.

109. Reloading supplies in stock now on ammo inventory

110. equine vet

111. Buy Drugs in australia

112. Bindu Desai, Actress: Om Shanti Om. Bindu was born on April 17th in the Gujerati-speaking Desai family, consisting of her film producer dad, Nanubhai, …

113. Shared! Shared! This is AWESOME stuff man! Thank you!

114. Buy designer drugs

115. Buy horse semen

116. megachemist.net

117. buy-2-fluoroamphetamine-2-fma-online

118. buy-2-nmc-crystals-online

119. 2-3-mdpv-for-sale-online

120. buy-25b-nbf-research-chemicals-online

121. buy-25i-nbmd-online

122. buy-2c-e-research-chemicals-online

123. 2c-h-for-sale

124. 2c-i-research-chemicals-for-sale-online

125. buy-2c-t-2-research-chemicals-online

126. buy-25i-nbmd-online

127. buy-2c-e-research-chemicals-online

128. buy-3-fpm-crystal-online

129. buy-4-aco-dmt-online

130. buy-3-fpm-crystal-online

131. 4-cec-crystals-for-sale-online

132. 4-mpd-crystals-research-chemical-for-sale-online

133. 5-mapb-for-sale-online

134. 5-meo-dmt

135. 5f-sgt-151

136. adb-chminaca

137. buy-akb-57-online

138. buy-am-2201-online

139. amb-fubinaca-for-sale

140. 2c-b-research-chemical-for-sale-online

141. buy-4-cl-pvp-crystals-online

142. buy-4-cprc-online

143. where-to-buy-4f-php-online

144. buy-a-pihp-research-chemicals-online

145. buy-a-pvp-online

146. buphedrone-crystals-and-powder-for-sale-online

147. buy-fentanyl-powder-online

148. buy-jwh-250-online

149. buy-ketamine-powder-online

150. buy-mdpv-online

151. buy-mephedrone-online

152. buy-phenazepam

153. buy-crystal-meth-online

154. buy-dmt-online

155. buy-ethylone-online

156. fub-apinaca

157. buy-high-purity-mdma-crystals-online

158. buy-mmb-chminaca-online

159. buy-nitracaine-research-chemicals-online

160. buy-cheap-nm-2201

161. where-to-safely-purchase-th-pvp-online

162. buy-fentanyl-online

163. buy-fentanyl-citrate-injection-online

164. buy-hydrocodone-online

165. buy-suboxone-online

166. buy-percocet-online

167. buy-methadone-online

168. buy-tramadol-250mg-online

169. tramadol-300mg

170. buy-tramadol-400mg-online

171. buy-tramadol-150mg-online

172. buy-tramadol-200mg-online

173. buy-tramadol-100mg-online

174. buy-vyvanse-30mg-online

175. buy-concerta-online

176. buy-daytrana-online

177. buy-focalin-xr-10mg-online

178. buy-focalin-xr-5mg-online

179. buy-focalin-xr-20mg-online

180. buy-focalin-xr-30mg-online

181. buy-metadate-cd-10mg-online

182. buy-vyvanse-20mg-online

183. buy-vyvanse-30mg-online

184. buy-vyvanse-40mg-online

185. buy-vyvanse-50mg-online

186. buy-vyvanse-10mg-online

187. buy-vyvanse-60mg-online

188. buy-vyvanse-70mg-online

189. buy-caluanie-muelear-oxidize-online

190. buy-ritalin-10mg-online

191. buy-vyvanse-10mg-online-safely-purchase-vyvanse-10mg-online

192. buy-20mg-ritalin-online

193. buy-ritalin-30mg-online

194. buy-30mg-vyvanse-online

195. buy-40mg-vyvanse-online

196. buy-ritalin-50mg-online

197. buy-50mg-vyvanse-online

198. buy-ritalin-60mg-online

199. buy-vyvanse-60mg-online

200. buy-vyvanse-70mg-online

201. buy-concerta-online

202. buy-daytrana-online

203. buy-focalin-xr-online-without-script

204. buy-metadate-cd-online

205. buy-ritalin-40mg-online

206. buy-vyvanse-20mg-online

207. https://luxury-recipes.blogspot.com/

208. Nice post, keep going. : http://www.dipikachaudhry.com/jb-nagar-escorts-call-girls.html

209. 200mg-tramadol

210. 150mg-tramadol

211. 100mg-tramadol

212. order-suboxone-online

213. order-stromectol-online

214. order-ritalin-online

215. order-percocet-online

216. pain-relief-tramadol

217. order-methadone-online

218. order-metadate-cd-online

219. order-hydrocodone-online

220. order-focalin-xr-online

221. order-fentanyl-patches-online

222. buy-concerta-online

223. buy-daytrana-online

224. 50mg-tramadol

225. buy-methadone-online

226. buy-vicodin-online

227. buy-percocet-online

228. buy-suboxone-online

229. buy-hydrocodone-online

230. buy-fentanyl-citrate-injection-online

231. buy-fentanyl-online

232. buy-vyvanse-30mg-online

233. buy-tramadol-50mg-online

234. buy-tramadol-100mg-online

235. buy-tramadol-200mg-online

236. buy-tramadol-150mg-online

237. buy-tramadol-400mg-online

238. tramadol-300mg

239. buy-metadate-cd-10mg-online

240. buy-focalin-xr-30mg-online

241. buy-focalin-xr-5mg-online

242. buy-focalin-xr-20mg-online

243. buy-focalin-xr-10mg-online

244. buy-vyvanse-20mg-online

245. buy-ritalin-40mg-online

246. buy-metadate-cd-online

247. buy-focalin-xr-online-without-script

248. buy-daytrana-online

249. buy-concerta-online

250. buy-vyvanse-70mg-online

251. buy-vyvanse-60mg-online

252. buy-ritalin-60mg-online

253. buy-50mg-vyvanse-online

254. buy-ritalin-50mg-online

255. buy-40mg-vyvanse-online

256. buy-30mg-vyvanse-online

257. buy-ritalin-30mg-online

258. buy-20mg-ritalin-online

259. buy-vyvanse-10mg-online-safely-purchase-vyvanse-10mg-online

260. https://www.researchchemslab.com/product/buy-meth-online/

261. woow this content is nice

262. If your goal is a bathroom renovation on a budget, then don’t overlook your grout and caulk. By simply cleaning the grout and adding straight, clean lines of caulk around the tub and sink, you can bring a whole lot of sparkle to your bathroom for just a few dollars. You’ll be surprised by what a difference this can make! Incorporating water conservation into your budget bathroom remodel is a simple way to extend your savings.  Installing low-flow toilets, showers and sinks can lower your monthly utility bills and reduce your water footprint—especially important in areas affected by drought.  A vanity can be easily freshened up by a coat of paint (use cabinet paint specially designed for cabinets, like Rustoleum Cabinet Transformations). When you begin gutting your bathroom you need to be careful. I know you might not be able to save everything. But you can save some fixtures and other reusable items in the bathroom. https://232898.peda.univ-lille.fr/community/profile/noelnussbaum806/ Roof replacement costs are based on the average home square footage in each Wisconsin city – prices reflect asphalt shingle costs ( $4.36 – $8.72 per sq ft). To determine the most accurate cost estimate for your Wisconsin home, fill out our roof price calculator (above), or contact our roofing contractors.   This home had a stick-framed roof, but rather than beefing it up from the inside to support living space the homeowner opted to tear the roof off and install new (more steeply pitched) attic trusses. In this case, it was the less expensive option and it also gave them more usable space. DaVinci Roofscapes manufactures superior polymer roofing system products paired with excellent customer service. Composite slate shingles are carefully engineered to provide the authentic look and durability of natural slate roofs. For those who desire the natural appearance of hand-split shake shingles or machine-sawn shake, Davinci’s composite shake shingles are reminiscent of the texture of natural cedar, but with unsurpassed durability and a life cycle savings of up to 50 percent compared to natural cedar roofing.

263. Buy Crystal Meth Online in the USA. Crystal mеth iѕ the common name fоr сrуѕtаl methamphetamine, a ѕtrоng аnd highly addictive drug that affects the central nеrvоuѕ ѕуѕtеm. Meth for sale, buy meth online, buy crystal meth online, buy methamphetamine online, crystal meth online, buy crystal meth, order meth online

     https://www.researchchemslab.com/product/buy-meth-online/

264. Njfhsjdwkdjwfh jiwkdwidwhidjwi jiwkdowfiehgejikdoswfiw https://gehddijiwfugwdjaidheufeduhwdwhduhdwudw.com/fjhdjwksdehfjhejdsdefhe

265. We can also guarantee that these gopalpur escorts will provide equally in-call. Gopalpur escorts in addition to providing outcall services to their clients. Additionally, they are able to tailor their own gopalpur call girls to the needs of our client’s gopalpur escorts.
     Visit here :-
     https://streetgirls69.in/odisha/gopalpur-call-service-agency.html

266. This is a very interesting blog. this content is written very well This is an amazing post, keep blogging.

267. Hello! The content you share is very good and helpful. I will pay more attention to planning.

268. href=”https://handloadingsupply.com/product/cci-large-pistol-primers-for-sale/”rel=”dofollow”>CCI Large Pistol Primers #300 Boxes of 1000
     CCI Large Rifle 7.62mm NATO-Spec Military Primers #34 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Large Rifle Bench Rest Primers #BR2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Large Rifle Magnum Primers #250 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Large Rifle Primers #200 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Percussion Caps #10 Box of 1000 (10 Cans of 100)
     CCI Percussion Caps #11 Magnum Box of 1000 (10 Cans of 100)
     CCI Primers #209 Shotshell Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Primers #209M Shotshell Magnum Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Small Pistol Magnum Primers #550 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Small Pistol Primers #500 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Small Pistol Primers #500 Box of 1000
     CCI Small Rifle 5.56mm NATO-Spec Military Primers #41 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Small Rifle Bench Rest Primers #BR4 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Small Rifle Magnum Primers #450 Box of 1000
     CCI Small Rifle Magnum Primers #450 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     CCI Small Rifle Primers #400 Box of 1000
     Federal Large Pistol Magnum Primers #155 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Large Pistol Primers #150 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Large Rifle Magnum Primers #215 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Large Rifle Primers #210 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Premium Gold Medal Large Pistol Magnum Match Primers #155M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Premium Gold Medal Large Pistol Match Primers #150M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Premium Gold Medal Large Rifle Match Primers #210M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Premium Gold Medal Small Pistol Magnum Match Primers #200M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Premium Gold Medal Small Pistol Match Primers #100M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Primers #209A Shotshell Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Small Pistol Magnum Primers #200 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Small Pistol Primers #100 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Federal Small Rifle Primers #205 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Fiocchi Primers #209 Shotshell Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Gold Medal Magnum Large Rifle Match Primer #GM215M (1000 Count)
     Remington EtronX Electronic Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Large Pistol Primers #2-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Large Rifle Magnum Primers #9-1/2M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Premier STS Primers #209 Shotshell
     Remington Small Pistol Primers #1-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Small Pistol Primers #5-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Small Rifle Bench Rest Primers #7-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Small Rifle Primers #6-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Large Pistol Primers #7 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Large Rifle Magnum Primers #8-1/2M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Large Rifle Primers #8-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Primers #209 Shotshell Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Small Pistol Magnum Primers #1-1/2M Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Small Pistol Primers #1-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Small Rifle 5.56mm NATO-Spec Military Primers #41 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Small Rifle Primers #6-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester Triple Seven Primers #209 Muzzleloading
     Winchester USA Ready Large Pistol Match Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester USA Ready Large Rifle Match Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester USA Ready Small Pistol Match Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester USA Ready Small Rifle Match Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)

269. buy OXYCONTIN, buy OXYCONTIN near me, OXYCONTIN for sale, OXYCONTIN for sale in australia, OXYCONTIN for sale near me

270. ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/shop/”rel=”dofollow”>shop‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/silicon-valley-og/”rel=”dofollow”>silicon-valley-og‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/glitter-apples-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>glitter-apples-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/northern-hash-plant-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>northern-hash-plant-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/full-metal-jacket-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>full-metal-jacket-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/lemon-tree-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>lemon-tree-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/honey-berry-backwoods/”rel=”dofollow”>honey-berry-backwoods‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/pai-gow-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>pai-gow-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/afghani-og-seeds/”rel=”dofollow”>afghani-og-seeds‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/strawberry-haze-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>strawberry-haze-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/member-berry-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>member-berry-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/white-99-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/afghan-kush/”rel=”dofollow”>afghan-kush‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/arizona-organix-pre-roll/”rel=”dofollow”>arizona-organix-pre-roll‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/white-widow/”rel=”dofollow”>white-widow‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/pineapple-og/”rel=”dofollow”>pineapple-og‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/jack-herer/”rel=”dofollow”>jack-herer‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/purple-punch/”rel=”dofollow”>purple-punch‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/og-kush/”rel=”dofollow”>og-kush‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/girl-scout-cookies-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>girl-scout-cookies-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/bubba-kush/”rel=”dofollow”>bubba-kush‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/gary-payton-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>gary-payton-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/black-cherry-gelato/”rel=”dofollow”>black-cherry-gelato‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/black-runtz-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>black-runtz-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/purple-runtz/”rel=”dofollow”>purple-runtz‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/live-rosin/”rel=”dofollow”>live-rosin‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/watermelon-pre-roll-joint/”rel=”dofollow”>watermelon-pre-roll-joint‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/sour-diesel/”rel=”dofollow”>sour-diesel‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/gorilla-grapes/”rel=”dofollow”>gorilla-grapes‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/hawaiian-dutch-strain/”rel=”dofollow”>hawaiian-dutch-strain‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/kanha-gummies-2/”rel=”dofollow”>kanha-gummies-2‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/kanha-gummies-hybrid/”rel=”dofollow”>kanha-gummies-hybrid‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/kanha-sativa-pineapple-gummies/”rel=”dofollow”>kanha-sativa-pineapple-gummies‹/a›
     ‹a href=”https://jamesgrowhouse.com/product/moon-rock/”rel=”dofollow”>moon-rock‹/a›

271. buy-lorcet-online

272. megachemist.net

273. It’s going to be end of mine day, but before end I am reading this wonderful piece of writing to increase my experience.

274. It’s actually a great and useful piece of info. I am satisfied that you just shared this useful info with us.

275. It’s going to be end of mine day, except before end I am reading this great article to increase my knowledge. Available today through the website.

276. Thanks for this blog it have very useful info.

277. I really appreciate this post. I have been looking everywhere for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thank you again!

278. beretta 92a1
     blackhorn 209 for sale
     manurhin mr73 us distributors
     trail boss powder
     beretta 1301 tactical for sale
     canik rival
     mossberg 590s
     h1000 powder
     imr 4198
     beretta 1301 for sale
     beretta apx a1
     m9a4
     cci 250 primers
     blackhorn 209 powder for sale
     beretta 92 threaded barrel
     beretta 1301 tactical gen 2
     blackhorn powder
     beretta brx1
     beretta 92fs threaded barrel
     benelli montefeltro camo
     imr 7828
     manurhin mr73 for sale
     winchester 209 primers amazon
     large magnum rifle primers
     sig p320 spectre comp
     axp defender
     beretta brx1 price
     p365xl spectre comp
     7.62×39 ammoseek
     a300 beretta
     beretta 92 threaded barrel stainless
     benelli m4 john wick
     imr 4166
     beretta m9a4
     varget in stock
     mr73 for sale
     imr 7828 ssc
     gsg 16
     92fs threaded barrel
     large rifle magnum primers
     beretta apx carry
     trail boss powder in stock
     beretta silver pigeon iii
     beretta 92fs threaded barrel stainless
     longshot powder
     p320 spectre comp
     h1000 for sale in stock
     beretta threaded barrel
     beretta apx threaded barrel

279. Buy shipping containers in the USA and Canada online only with Queen Containers your most trusted and reliable shipping container supplier. We operate out of Texas and California. Buy Container Chassis, Shipping Container Accessories, Cold Containers, Blast freezers etc.
     https://queencontainers.com/

280. buy-daytrana-online

281. buy-concerta-online

282. buy-30mg-vyvanse-online

283. order-50mg-vyvanse-online

284. buy-50mg-vyvanse-online

285. 40mg-vyvanse-for-sale

286. buy-40mg-vyvanse-online

287. order-vyvanse-20mg-online

288. buy-vyvanse-70mg-online

289. buy-vyvanse-60mg-online-order-vyvanse-60mg-online

290. buy-vyvanse-10mg-online-safely-purchase-vyvanse-10mg-online

291. adhd

292. Buy meth online, Buy crystal meth online , Buy mdma online On The Internet, online dispensary that ships to all states, mdma for sale ,

293. buy meth online, or meth for sale, buying crystal meth online, you are free to contact Atlantic research Chem to order meth online.
     https://atlanticresearchchem.com/product/crystal-meth/

294. having read your article Makes me aware of new things all the time.

295. Order wonka bars near me
     Order wonka bars USA
     Order wonka bars canada
     Order wonka bars uk
     Order wonka bars europe
     Order capn crunch wonka bars
     Order cinnamon toast crunch wonka bars
     Order cocoa puffs wonka bars
     Order crunch berries wonka bars
     Order flipz wonka bars near me
     Order milano cookies wonka bars
     Order milky way wonka bars
     Order nutter butter wonka bars
     Order oatmeal cream wonka bars
     Order wonka bars near me
     Order smores wonka bars online
     Order snickers wonka bars near me
     Order wonka oil near me
     Order wonka oil near me

296. https://clinicalresearchchemicals.com/

297. https://e-vendors.com/

298. https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/

299. https://chemcrystals.com/product/buy-3cmc-online/
     https://chemcrystals.com/product/buy-u47700-online/

300. https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/
     https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/product/methamphetamine-crystals-meth-online/

301. https://durominephentermineinc.com/product/buy-phentermine-37-5mg-australia/
     https://durominephentermineinc.com/

302. https://ketamineanalogues.com/product/ketamine-crystals-for-sale/
     https://ketamineanalogues.com/product/anesket-injection-non-prescription/

303. https://fentvendor.com/shop/
     https://fentvendor.com/product/buy-acetylfentanyl-online/

304. https://psittaciformesbreeders.com/exotic-bird-shop/
     https://psittaciformesbreeders.com/product-category/buy-fertile-parrot-eggs/

305. https://goodfellasvendor.co/fentanyl-supplier-2/
     https://goodfellasvendor.co/product/buy-acetyl-fentanyl-powder/

306. https://betachemicalslab.com/product/buy-2c-b-online/
     https://betachemicalslab.com/product-category/buy-benzodiazepines-online/

307. https://alphacannabisdispensary.com/shop/
     https://alphacannabisdispensary.com/product-category/backwoods/

308. https://cyndydermalfillercosmetics.store/

309. https://ketamineanalogues.com/

310. https://milovicdermalfillercosmetics.store/

311. https://wilmardermalfillercosmetics.com/

312. https://qualitycounterfeitbanknotes.com/product/ssd-chemical-solution-for-sale/

313. https://thegoldentriangleice.com/
     https://thegoldentriangleice.com/shop/

314. https://whatisketamine.com/liquid-ketamine/

315. https://euthanasianembutal.com/
     https://euthanasianembutal.com/nembutal-pentobarbital/

316. https://diabeticclinicsupplies.store/diabetic-medications/
     https://diabeticclinicsupplies.store/product/buy-ozempic-semaglutide-injections/

317. https://clinicalresearchchemicals.com/de/forschungschemikalien-zu-verkaufen/

318. https://cocainestimulants.co/

319. https://phentermineweightlosspills.com/
     https://phentermineweightlosspills.com/shop/

320. https://buyviscoplusmatrix.store/

321. https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/
     https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/shop/

322. https://firearmssupplier.com/
     https://firearmssupplier.com/shop/

323. https://crystalmethbuy.com/
     https://crystalmethbuy.com/crystal-meth/

324. https://research-chem-lab.com/
     https://research-chem-lab.com/shop/

325. https://adhd30mg.com/adhd-medications/

326. http://jvsholdingsaps.com/

327. https://medicianinjectables.com/

328. https://buygoldanddiamonds.com/

329. We are committed to assisting customers worldwide with their unique needs by providing them with comprehensive and professional service, enjoying a good reputation among our business partners and customers for high quality products, excellent after sales services,buy fentanyl powder competitive prices and prompt shipping.
     buy fentanyl powder
     buy fentanyl powder

330. We have two different types of tabernanthe Iboga Extract products, Iboga TA Extract and Ibogaine HCL. Ibogaine is a new chemical addiction therapy that eliminates physical withdrawal symptoms and interrupts drug cravings. It is both a therapeutic and psychoactive addict. It helps break both drug and alcohol addiction. We deliver worldwide without problems. Treatment info and all the help you need about our products is also provided. We are potential producers of Iboga root barks and Ibogaine hcl. Ibogaine is the active chemical found in the African tabernanthe iboga root. It is known for its modern use in the treatment of opiate, other drug addiction. If you are interested in our products, please contact us by email. Iboga TA Extract means Iboga “Total Alkaloid” Extract.ibogaine for sale TA extracts contain all the active alkaloid compounds in Tabernanthe Iboga root bark, but are highly concentrated – so a much smaller amount is required.
     How to cure your addiction with Ibogaine / Iboga
     ibogaine for sale,
     Website:https://ibogainepharm.com

331. https://buyviscoplusmatrix.store/

332. https://adhd30mg.com/

333. https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/product/buy-methamphetamine-crystal-meth/

334. https://crystalmethbuy.com/crystal-meth/

335. slot machines

     https://firearmssupplier.com/arcade-games-machines/

336. https://medicianinjectables.com/product/order-anesket-1000mg-10ml/

     Wickr id: medpluz

337. https://adhd30mg.com/adhd-medications/

338. https://research-chem-lab.com/shop/

339. https://crystalmethbuy.com/crystal-meth/

340. https://firearmssupplier.com/

341. https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/product-category/pharmaceutical-api-powders-supplier/

342. https://phentermineweightlosspills.com/product/buy-phentermine-37-5mg-australia/

343. https://buyviscoplusmatrix.store/viscoplus-matrix-supplier/

344. https://clinicalresearchchemicals.com/product-category/buy-3cmc-4-cmc-crystals/

345. https://cocainestimulants.co/product/buy-crack-cocaine/

346. https://pinballsmachines.com/pinball-machines/

347. https://diabeticclinicsupplies.store/product/buy-ozempic-semaglutide-injections/

348. https://euthanasianembutal.com/nembutal-pentobarbital/

349. https://whatisketamine.com/product/ketamine-hcl-injectable-500mg-ml-10ml/

350. https://buyesketamine.com/

351. https://thegoldentriangleice.com/

352. https://qualitycounterfeitbanknotes.com/product/buy-counterfeit-100-euro-bills/

353. https://wilmardermalfillercosmetics.com/product/buy-1000cc-macrolane-buttock-injections-online/

354. https://milovicdermalfillercosmetics.store/product/buy-2000cc-pmma-buttock-injections/

355. https://ketamineanalogues.com/product-category/ketamine-crystal-for-sale/

356. https://cyndydermalfillercosmetics.store/product-category/buy-botox-online/

357. https://3mmcbuy4mmc.com/4mmc-europe/

358. https://alpharoadriders.com/electric-bikes-for-sale-near-me/

359. https://betachemicalslab.com/product/isotodesnitazene-for-sale/

360. https://goodfellasvendor.co/product/buy-furanyl-fentanyl-powder-online/

361. https://psittaciformesbreeders.com/exotic-bird-shop/

362. https://fentvendor.com/product/buy-carfentanil-online/

363. https://ketamineanalogues.com/

364. https://durominephentermineinc.com/product/buy-phentermine-37-5mg-australia/

365. https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/product/methamphetamine-crystals-meth-online/

366. https://chemcrystals.com/product/mdpv-crystals-for-sale/

367. https://e-vendors.com/product/buy-3cmc-4cmc-crystals/

368. https://buygoldanddiamonds.com/

369. http://buyureafertilizeronline.com/

370. https://alphacannabisdispensary.com/

371. https://ketamineinjectionbuy.com/

372. comprando cocaína online,comprar cocaína online,como posso comprar cocaína,comprar cocaína nos eua, comprar crack online,comprar cocaína peruana online,comprar cocaína online discreta melb agora,você pode comprar cocaína online,comprar cocaína online no canadá,comprar cocaína online na austrália,como comprar cocaína online,você pode comprar cocaína online,onde comprar cocaína online,onde posso comprar crack online,posso comprar cocaína online,você realmente pode comprar cocaína online,você realmente pode comprar cocaína online em reino unido,você pode comprar cocaína on-line,como posso comprar cocaína on-line,encomendar cocaína on-line,comprar cocaína on-line,encomendar cocaína on-line,como comprar cocaína on-line,como encontrar coca,como comprar cocaína rosa peruana on-line,traficantes de coca perto de mim ,você pode realmente comprar cocaína online,comprar cocaína online com bitcoins

     Buy Peruvian Pink Cocaine Online – cylauchem

     Buy BIO Cocaine Online – cylauchem

373. https://cylauchem.com/product/buy-peruvian-pink-cocaine-online/

374. https://www.skylinehackers.com/come-assumere-un-hacker/

375. https://www.skylinehackers.com/contratar-a-un-hacker/

376. https://www.skylinehackers.com/crypto-scam-recovery/

377. https://www.skylinehackers.com/how-to-hire-a-hacker/

378. https://www.skylinehackers.com/

379. https://www.skylinehackers.com/contact/

380. https://www.skylinehackers.com/how-can-i-hire-a-hacker/

381. Psychedelic research is still in its infancy, Molly Crockett, PhD, the study’s senior author and an assistant professor of psychology at Yale University in Connecticut, told Healthline.

     Our study adds to a growing evidence base of potential mood benefits of psychedelics, but more research needs to be done to realize this potential

     https://ultradmtshop.com/product/buy-changa-dmt/

382. Ultra dmt shop https://ultradmtshop.com is an online store aimed at reducing the stress of buyer walking kilometers to purchase a good. our products are 100% tested and pure with a refund policy of about 98% if clients are not satisfied with our product quality or ever might be the case. our products are sold world wide and 3 to 5 days delivery out of the United States with delivery via the USPS,Fedex and DHL 100% delivery guarantee https://ultradmtshop.com/dmt-for-sale/

383. Sig Sauer P210Ruger American Pistol 9mm 4.2 Inch 17Rd Glock G19xGlock 36 Gen 3sig sauer p938GLOCK G43GLOCK G19XFN AMERICAGLOCK G43XTAURUS G2CCustom Springfield Hellcatsig sauer P322700-X 4lb. – Hodgdon PowderHodgdon #800X 8 Lb. Keghttps://gunsandgadgetscom.com/best-primers-for-handguns/cci 200 large rifle primersWinchester USA Ready Large Rifle Match Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)Remington Large Pistol Primers #2-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)Remington 5 1/2 Primers Small PistolWinchester Small Rifle Primers | 5,000 CountWinchester Small Rifle Primers | 1,000 Countgirsan 1911EAA Girsan MC P35 pistol 4.625″ 15+1 9MMAmerican Tactical FXH-45 MOXIE 45 ACP 1911 Hybrid Pistol308 win magFederal Small Pistol Match PrimersHodgdon Powder Pyrodex RS 1lbHodgdon Titegroup Smokeless Gun PowderHodgdon Varget Smokeless Gun PowderIMR 4895 Smokeless Gun PowderHodgdon Hi-Skor 700-X Smokeless Gun PowderAlliant Reloder 22 Smokeless Gun PowderAlliant Steel Smokeless Gun PowderCCI Large Pistol Magnum Primers #350 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)Springfield Armory 1911 Garrison Semi-Automatic PistolSig Sauer P229R Legion Semi-Automatic PistolSmith and Wesson M&P 2.0 9mm 4.25 Inch 15Rds CO CompliantRuger American Pistol 9mm 4.2 Inch 17RdFN 502 Tactical 22LR PistolFN 509 Tactical 9mmCCI 450 primersAccurate 4350 Smokeless Gun PowderAccurate No. 5 Smokeless Gun PowderAccurate 2200 Smokeless Gun PowderAccurate 4064 Smokeless Gun PowderAccurate 1680 Smokeless Gun PowderAccurate 4100Accurate 2015Accurate LT-32 Smokeless Gun PowderAccurate LT-30 Smokeless Gun PowderAlliant Reloder 19Alliant Reloder 33Alliant American Select Smokeless Gun PowderAlliant Reloder 15Henry Lever Action Centerfire RifleSig Sauer P365XL PistolShadow Systems MR920 Combat Optic Cut Semi-Automatic Pistol 9mm Luger 4.01″ Threaded Barrel 15-RoundSpringfield Armory Hellcat Pro OSP Semi-Automatic Pistol

384. Grate article you got please check out this
     Buy lsd gel tabs

385. Dispensary near me open | Sunnyside Dispensary ,Our qualities are very plain. We concur that any individual (old enough) who needs and appreciates clinical pot ought to be furnished with top-quality medications, no matter what their capacity to track down a protected, legitimate dispensary.

     Buy fine labs
     Buy Muhab Med Carts
     Buy Sour patch 500mg
     Buy FroStix disposable
     Buy Dripp Labs disposable
     Buy Tosenia
     Buy Rick Simpson Oil RSO
     Buy kaws bar disposable
     Buy UMO by pyntree
     Buy Quagen Lean Codeine
     Buy pyntree cart
     Buy Akorn Lean CODEINE

386. Psychedelic research is still in its infancy, Molly Crockett, PhD, the study’s senior author and an assistant professor of psychology at Yale University in Connecticut, told Healthline.

     https://420suppliesshop.com/index.php/product/buy-crystal-meth-online/

387. Shadow Systems MR920 Combat Optic Cut Semi-Automatic Pistol 9mm Luger 4.01″ Threaded Barrel 15-Round
     berreta 92 series 3rd gen
     Aguila Ammunition 9mm Luger 124 Grain Full Metal Jacket
     Hornady Varmint Bullets 20 Caliber (204 Diameter) 24 Grain NTX Lead-Free Boat Tail Box of 100
     BRG9 Elite
     VIHTAVUORI N32C TIN STAR SMOKELESS GUN POWDER
     Remington Premier Ammunition 300 Remington Ultra Magnum 180 Grain Swift Scirocco II Box of 20
     Remington STS Primers #209 Shotshell Premier 2000Pcs
     Remington Premier 209 STS Primers 5000Pcs
     FIOCCHI 209 SHOTSHELL PRIMERS 5000pcs
     Remington Ultimate Muzzleloader Ignition System Box of 24
     Remington Small Pistol Primers #1-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Large Pistol Primers #2-1/2 Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Winchester USA Ready Large Rifle Match Primers Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington Centerfire Primers 6-1/2 Small Rifle Primers Box Of 1000Cts
     Norma Brass Shooters Pack 300 Norma Magnum Box of 50
     cci 300 large pistol primers 5000cts
     Remington Model 870 Tac-14 Black 12 Gauge 14 inch Barrel 5 Rounds with Magpul M-Lok fore-end and Arm Brace
     Browning BT-99 Adjustable B&C Micro Blued 12 GA 32-Inch 1Rd
     Remington 870 Tac-14 12-Gauge 14″ Barrel 5 RDs Blued/Hardwood
     Mossberg Maverick 88 12GA 20-inch 8Rd
     Mossberg 590 Shockwave 12-Gauge 14″ Barrel 6 RDs with Bead Sight Blue
     Standard Manufacturing Company DP-12 12GA 18.875in 14rd
     Remington 870 TAC-14 12-Gauge 14.5″ Barrel 4 RDs
     Mossberg 500 ATI Scorpion Pump Shotgun Flat Dark Earth 12 Ga 18.5 inch 6 rd
     Kel-Tec KSG 12 GA 18.5″ Barrel 14-Rounds Optics Ready
     Winchester SX4 UPLAND FLD 12/26 BL/WD 3
     EAA Girsan MC P35 pistol 4.625″ 15+1 9MM
     Sig Sauer P210 Carry Pistol 9mm 8 RD Night Sights
     Sig Sauer P365xl Spectre Comp pistol semi-automatic
     Walther P22
     Smith and Wesson M&P15 MOE MID Magpul Black .223 / 5.56 NATO 16-inch 30Rd
     CZ 75 TS CZECHMATE PARROT (9MM) C-MORE RED DOT
     FN 509 Tactical 9mm
     Titanium Gold Desert Eagle Pistol 50 AE
     Colt Anaconda revolver .44 magnum
     FN 502 Tactical 22LR Pistol with Threaded Barrel – (1) 15 Round and (1) 10 Round Mag
     Alliant Reloder 33
     Alliant Reloder 19
     Accurate 1680
     Accurate TCM
     Alliant Bullseye Smokeless Gun Powder
     custom springfield hellcat
     Alliant Green Dot Smokeless Gun Powder
     Accurate Mag Pro
     North American Arms Ported Snub 22/22M 1.125-inch 5rd
     Alliant Blue Dot
     Alliant Reloder 22 Smokeless Gun Powder
     Alliant BE-86
     Alliant Herco Smokeless Gun Powder
     Alliant Extra Lite Smokeless Gun Powder
     Alliant Steel Smokeless Gun Powder
     CCI 11 Magnum Percussion Caps Box of 1000 (10 Cans of 100)
     Winchester 209 Shotshell Primers | 1,000 Count
     Winchester Large Rifle Magnum Primers | 1,000 Count
     Winchester Small Rifle #41 Primers | 1,000 Count
     Winchester Small Rifle Primers | 5,000 Count
     Winchester Small Rifle Primers | 1,000 Count
     Winchester WLR Large Rifle Primers 1000Counts
     Citadel ATAC Warthog Semi-Auto Shotgun 12 GA 20″ Barrel 4-Rounds 3″ Chamber
     Browning A5 MOBL DT 12/28 3.5-inch
     SDS Imports Radikal NK-1 12 GA 19″ Barrel 3″-Chamber 5-Rounds
     Savage 212 Slug Black 12 GA 22″ Barrel 2-Rounds
     CCI Ammunition 0017 Primers
     Federal Small Magnum Pistol Match Primers
     Federal Large Magnum Rifle Primers
     Winchester Small Pistol Match Primers
     Federal 100 Small Pistol Primer 5000Ct
     CCI 209 Primers Shotshell Box of 1000 (10 Trays of 100)
     Remington SM Pistol PrimerS
     Remington P1235M4 12 4 Turkey 10/10
     Winchester Turkey L BEARD 12GA 3#6
     Lapua Brass 260 Remington Box of 100
     Lapua Brass 7.62x54mm Rimmed Russian (7.62x53mm Rimmed) Box of 100
     Lapua Brass 222 Remington Box of 100
     Lapua Brass 6.5 PRC Box of 100
     FN SCAR 17S NRCH Semi-Automatic Centerfire Rifle
     Winchester 748 Rifle Powder
     Ramshot TAC Rifle Powder
     Winchester 231 Handgun Powder
     Hodgdon H335 Powder
     Alliant Powder – 2400 8lbs
     Winchester Super-X .218 Win Be 46GR HP 50rds
     Alliant 20/28
     Alliant 2400 Smokeless Gun Powder
     380 auto100 gr rnfp reman 500 rounds
     RCBS 90383 TM Primer Pocket UNFromR LG PST
     Hornady .300 Blackout Ammunition 20 Rounds GMX 110 Grains
     cci 200 large rifle primers
     Hornady 9mm Caliber .355″ Diameter 124 Grain XTP Hollow Point Bullet 100 Count
     Battenfeld Technologies Perfect Seat Hand Primer
     Hornady UNP Case 30 Nosler 20
     RCBS 50BMG CRBOE Primer Pocket UMIFM
     Sig Sauer P320 XCompact 9mm 3.6″ Barrel 15-Rounds Night Sight
     Sig Sauer P320 XCompact 9mm 3.6″ Barrel 15-Rounds Night Sight
     REMINGTON MODEL 700 LONG RANGE BOLT ACTION RIFLE
     SIG Sauer P365
     Lapua Brass 338 Norma Magnum Box of 100
     Lapua Brass 220 Russian Box of 100
     sig sauer P322
     Glock 43 Flat Dark Earth 9mm 3.39″ Barrel 6-Rounds
     Glock 19 Gen 5 Pistol 9mm Luger Fixed Sights 15-Round Polymer Black
     Glock 30 Gen 4 Black .45ACP 3.78-inch 10 Rds
     Sig Sauer P226 Full Size Legion RX Gray 9mm 4.4″ 15-Round Night Sights
     Sig Sauer P365 SAS 9mm 3.1″ Barrel 10-Rounds with Tritium Night Sights
     Ruger PC Charger 9mm 6.5″ Barrel 17-Rounds
     Glock 19x Coyote Tan 9mm 4.01-inch 10Rds
     Smith & Wesson M&P 9 M2.0 Pistol 9mm Luger 4.25″ Barrel Black
     Sig Sauer P365 Pistol Stainless Slide 9mm 3.1″ 10 RD Sig Night Sights
     Mossberg 590 Shockwave Blued 20 GA 14-inch Barrel 6 Rounds
     G-Force GFP3 12 GA 20″ Barrel 3″-Chamber 4-Rounds
     Remington 870 Express Black 12 GA 3-inch Chamber 18-inch 6Rd
     Pointer SCT Basic Trap Walnut 12 GA 30″ Barrel 3″-Chamber 1-Rounds
     Remington 870 TAC-14 Black 20GA 14-in 4rd Pistol Grip
     Beretta A400 Xtreme PLUS Black 12 GA 28-inch 3Rds
     Browning Silver Field 12 Gauge 28″ Barrel 3-1/2″ Chamber 4 Rounds Realtree Max-5

388. best Stem cell clinic

389. best IVF centre ivf

390. ivf I got help from this clinic to have a child, they are very professional, I was very satisfied, I recommend

391. koop percocet online

392. BEST ARM SUPPLY UNIT
     Gun And Armory is an online and retail dealer and distribution center. We specialize in furnishing quality arms and accessories to registered buyers. Best Arm Supply Unit Online.
     We aim to give our guests with the stylish tools for shooting sports, stalking, or whatever your arm needs may be. We also have a hundred yard out-of-door range, a ray engraver/ custom developer, and offer cutter- stropping services at an unstoppable figure of only$ 10 for a standard fund cutter blade!
     We’ve over,000 ordnance on display and over,000 in stock! This commodious position gives us the occasion to offer our guests thousands of new products, training classes, chp classes, and the helpful knowledge to foster their arm experience. Best Arm Supply Unit Online.

     Buy 357 Magnum 158 gr – 750 Rd Lot in 50 Round Boxes for sale
     Buy 45 ACP JHP ammo for sale
     Buy 1 1/2 Small Pistol Primer (1000Rounds) 050-22600 | Remington
     Buy 10.5″ AR Davidson Defense 5.56
     Buy 1000 9mm bulk case CCI Blazer for sale
     Buy 1000RDS of .30 Carbine Ammo in Ammo Can by Korean Military Surplus – 110gr FMJ
     Buy 1903 Springfield Remington made for sale in Fort Worth Texas
     Buy 1978 Winchester Model 70 XTR 30-06 w/Leupold for sale
     Buy 20 GAUGE SHOT gun #6 SHOT 1000RDS
     Buy 220 rounds Browning 300 WSM 185gr 155gr BXR Cheap! for sale
     Buy 223 53gr HORNADY 1000RDS
     Buy 223 FIOCCHI 55gr FMJ BT 3240 FPS 1000RDS
     Buy 250rd 20 GAUGE SHOT gun #6 SHOT
     Buy 270 Winchester, 130 Grain SP InterLock, 1000RDS
     Buy 30-30 WINCHESTER 150 500Rds
     Buy 300AAC BLACKOUT FORT SCOT MUNITION 1000RDS
     Buy 308 – 168 Grain SP – Wolf Military Classic – 1000Rounds
     Buy 357 SIG ELITE PERFORMANCE AMMUNITION 125gr 1000RDS
     Buy 38 SPECIAL 125gr FMJ 1000RDS
     Buy 38 Special for sale
     Buy 38 spl+P, 357 S&W, 44Spl for sale
     Buy 380 Auto 95gr Blazer 1000RDS
     Buy 40 calber brass for sale
     Buy 45 AUTO(ACP) 230gr JHP GECO 1000RDS
     Buy 5.56 PMC AMMUNITION 62gr 1000RDS
     Buy 500 rounds boxed .223 Ammo for sale
     Buy 500 Rounds of Magtech First Defense Tactical .308/7.62x51mm Ammunition 50 Rounds, FMJ, 147 Grains
     Buy 550 Magnum Small Pistol Primer (1000 Rounds) 020-0018 | CCI
     Buy 6.5 GRENDEL FORT SCOT 1000RDS
     Buy 7.62 54 Rifle ammo and 12gauge for sale
     Buy 7.63×39 122gr FMJ RED ARMY STANDARD 1000RD
     Buy 7.63×39 122 grain FMJ 360 rounds for sale
     Buy 8 – 660gr .50 BMG FMJ Rounds for sale
     Buy 9 mm luger AMMO available for sale
     Buy 9mm – 115 gr FMJ – Federal Champion (WM5199) – 500 Rounds
     Buy 9mm 115 blazers brass and federal 556 for sale
     Buy 9mm Luger, 115 Grain 1000RDS
     Buy Accu-tac Scope Rings 34mm Black
     Buy ADM Ad-delta Scope Mount 30mm Black
     Buy ADM Aimpoint T1 Qr Co-witness
     
     Buy Agency Arms Drop-in Trigger 45/10 Grey
     Buy Agency Arms Drop-in Trigger 45/10 Grey
     Buy AK-203
     Buy AK-47
     Buy AK-47 Pistol
     Buy AK47 Runs Flawlessly
     Buy AMMO INC 308 WINCHESTER 150 GR TTSX
     Buy AR-STONER AR-15 A3 Upper Receiver Assembly 5.56x45mm NATO 16″ Barrel
     Buy Ar15 5.56 20rd Grey Magazine
     Buy AR15 Carbine
     Buy Armscor USA .22 WMR Ammunition 5000 Rounds JHP 40 Grain
     Buy ATI Omni Hybrid 410
     Buy B.E. Meyers MAWL-C1+ IR Laser
     Buy B.E. Meyers MAWL-DA Scope
     Buy B&T Apc45 45ACP 25rd Black Magazine
     Buy B&T APC9 Pistol 9mm 7″ 30rd Black
     Buy B&T TP9 Pistol 9mm 5″ 30rd Tan
     Buy B5 Gripstop Mod 2 Picatinny Alum Black
     Buy barnett crossbow for sale
     Buy Barnett HyperGhost 425 Crossbow Package
     Buy Barnett Predator Crossbow with scope and bolts for sale
     Buy BCM Gunfighter Kag Black Mlok
     Buy BCM Recce-11 KMR-A 11.5″ 5.56mm 30rd
     Buy Bear Archery Divergent EKO Compound Bow
     Buy Bear X Constrictor CDX Crossbow Package
     Buy BECK AMMUNITION .308 Winchester Ammunition 20 Rounds, Match A-Max, 178 Grains
     Buy Beretta 84 Cheetah
     Buy Beretta 92 Compact L
     Buy Beretta 92G Elite LTT Compact 9mm
     Buy Beretta Cheetah .380 LNIB
     Buy Beretta Cheetah 84FS Nickel
     Buy Beretta M9 22LR
     Buy Beretta M9A3 FDE Threaded Barrel 17rd Italian
     Buy BLACKHAWK! S.T.R.I.K.E. Ambidextrous Holster Adapter Platform PALS/MOLLE Mountable Injection Molded Polymer Matte Black 38CL63BK
     Buy BLACKHAWK! SERPA Tactical Drop Leg Holster Platform Coyote Tan
     Buy Mossberg 590 Shockwave
     Gun And Armory, the World’s Foremost Outfitter of stalking, fishing and out-of-door gear, was born kindly inadvertently in 1961 when Dick Cabela came up with a plan to vend fishing canvases he bought while at a cabinetwork show in Chicago. Upon returning home to Chappell, Nebraska, Dick ran a classified announcement in the Casper, Wyoming, review reading “ 12 hand- tied canvases for$ 1. ” It generated one response.

393. Buy used shipping containers in the USA and Canada online only with Queen Containers your most trusted and reliable shipping container supplier. We operate out of Texas and California. Buy Container Chassis, Shipping Container Accessories, Cold Containers, Blast freezers, etc.
     Buy used shipping containers

394. koop saxenda De inhoud van generieke pillen en merkgeneesmiddelen is precies hetzelfde. Het enige verschil is de naam
     Saxenda kopen

395. kopen sie Ozempic De inhoud van generieke pillen en merkgeneesmiddelen is precies hetzelfde. Het enige verschil is de naam
     Ozempic kopen

396. kopen sie saxenda De inhoud van generieke pillen en merkgeneesmiddelen is precies hetzelfde. Het enige verschil is de naam
     Saxenda kopen

397. Ephedrin kaufen Der Inhalt von generischen Pillen und Markenmedikamenten ist genau gleich. Der einzige Unterschied ist der Name
     Ephedrin kaufen

398. Evеrуоnе ѕhоuld hаvе еаѕу ассеѕѕ tо ѕаfе рrеѕсriрtiоn drugѕ, unlikе thе еxiѕting ѕtаtе оf аffаirѕ ѕеt bу оur fоrеfаthеrѕ. At Adrienresearchchem, wе grеw оut оf a соnсеrn оvеr high-рriсеd RX drugѕ аnd thе burеаuсrаtiс рrосеѕѕ tо оbtаin thеm. Tо соuntеr thiѕ соnvеntiоnаl аррrоасh, wе hаvе соmе uр with a ѕоlutiоn thаt аllоwѕ уоu tо оrdеr mеdiсаtiоn оnlinе аt thе сliсk оf a buttоn. Xаnаx Fоr Sаlе, Buу Bеnzоdiаzерinеѕ Onlinе, Cаnаdiаn Phаrmасу, Onlinе Phаrmасу, buу hуdrосоdоnе оnlinе, buу оxусоdоnе оnlinе, buу Addеrаll оnlinе, buу Trаmаdоl оnlinе

     https://adrienresearchchem.com/product/buy-crystal-meth-online/

399. Buy Roxicodone Online

400. I really appreciate this post. I have been looking everywhere for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thank you again!

401. enfamil gentlease
     Enfamil Gentlease Infant Formula provides a gentle start for sensitive tummies. It’s designed to have easy to digest proteins and is clinically proven to ease fussiness. Furthermore gas, colic and crying in 24 hours. Enfamil is backed by decades of research on breast milk and multiple clinical studies on its brain building power. It is tailored to meet the nutritional needs of all infant through 12 months, and has an easy to digest blend inspired by breast milk.t’s unique Triple Health Guard blend has 30 nutrients for growth, omega 3 DHA and Choline to help maximize learning potential and an exclusive probiotics blend for immune support
     https://babyformulasupply.com/index.php/product/enfamil-gentlease-powder-infant-formula-12-4oz/

402. enfamil neuropro
     Our Enfamil NeuroPro Powder is backed by research on breast milk and clinical studies on its brain building nutrition. Most notably, it has brain-building Omega 3 DHA as recommended by experts. Furthermore Enfamil NeuroPro also has naturally occurring MFGM components* as well as a triple prebiotic immune blend that includes 2’-FL HMO (Human Milk Oligosaccharide)†, PDX, and GOS. By choosing Enfamil NeuroPro Infant, you are choosing the formula brand that is #1 recommended by pediatricians, inspired by breast milk and offers complete nutrition & easy-to-digest proteins for babies through 12 months.
     https://babyformulasupply.com/index.php/product/enfamil-neuropro-non-gmo-powder-infant-formula/

403. enfamil enspire
     Enfamil Enspire Powder Infant Formula – 20.5oz for sale online
     https://babyformulasupply.com/index.php/product/enfamil-enspire-powder-infant-formula-20-5oz/

404. enfamil neuropro gentlease
     Enfamil NeuroPro Gentlease Baby Formula Powder is a 20 Cal/fl oz milk-based, iron-fortified, routine infant formula powder. For infants of 0–12 months, designed to help reduce fussiness, gas and crying in 24 hours. This gentle baby formula milk powder has a fat-protein blend of MFGM and DHA Omega 3. Moreover it is previously found only in breast milk*. Infant formula that has MFGM and Omega 3 DHA has been clinically shown to foster cognitive development and immune support, and be a safe and well-tolerated source of infant nutrition (1).
     https://babyformulasupply.com/index.php/product/enfamil-neuropro-gentlease-non-gmo-powder-infant-formula-2/

405. https://dtradeempire.com/

406. http://tvist1as.com/

407. https://shuracosmetics.com/

408. https://express-document-inc.com/

409. https://arcade1upmachines.com/

410. https://buygoldanddiamonds.com/

411. https://jvsholdingsaps.com/

412. https://medicianinjectables.com/

413. https://adhd30mg.com/

414. https://cocaineinaustralia.com/

415. https://cocainestimulants.co/

416. https://e-vendors.com/

417. https://firearmssupplier.com/

418. https://qualitycounterfeitbanknotes.com/

419. https://clinicalresearchchemicals.com/

420. https://thegoldentriangleice.com/

421. https://buyesketamine.com/

422. https://whatisketamine.com/

423. https://ketamineanalogues.com/

424. https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/

425. https://crystalmethbuy.com/

426. https://fentvendor.com/

427. https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/

428. https://chemcrystals.com/

429. https://euthanasianembutal.com/

430. https://wilmardermalfillercosmetics.com/

431. crystal meth sale online
     https://helissupplies.com/
     https://helissupplies.com/product/buy-blue-magic-crystal-meth-online/
     wickr:romeopope

432. https://arcade1upmachines.com/

433. kindly check with us now https://dtradeempire.com/

434. https://shuracosmetics.com/

435. https://crystalmethbuy.com/

436. https://ketamineanalogues.com/product/ketamine-crystals-for-sale/

437. https://e-vendors.com/product/buy-pure-fishscale-cocaine

438. https://tvist1as.com/

439. Buy crystal meth online. Our product is authentic and safe. Pay a visit.

     • https://altrachemshop.com/

440. https://tvist1as.com/

441. https://wilmardermalfillercosmetics.com/

442. https://euthanasianembutal.com/

443. https://chemcrystals.com/

444. https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/

445. https://fentvendor.com/

446. https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/

447. https://ketamineanalogues.com/

448. https://whatisketamine.com/

449. https://cocainestimulants.co/

450. https://crystalmethbuy.com/

451. https://buyesketamine.com/

452. https://thegoldentriangleice.com/

453. https://clinicalresearchchemicals.com/

454. https://qualitycounterfeitbanknotes.com/

455. https://firearmssupplier.com/

456. https://e-vendors.com/

457. https://cocaineinaustralia.com/

458. https://adhd30mg.com/

459. https://medicianinjectables.com/

460. https://dtradeempire.com/

461. yes check https://shuracosmetics.com/

462. https://express-document-inc.com/

463. https://alpharoadriders.com/

464. https://arcade1upmachines.com/

465. https://jvsholdingsaps.com/

466. https://buygoldanddiamonds.com/

467. https://tatasrl.com/

     chemicals

468. https://www.niqiu.org/

     • https://www.acrithene.net/

469. https://gist.github.com/Tifenny/68d2805b03fc6e1b2806c5c06a626422

470. https://gist.github.com/Tifenny/b59844a1fd7142046126c892b9465228

471. https://gist.github.com/Tifenny/33d886608be69f9b2c45327b2e8b10ea

472. https://gist.github.com/Sameoon/0d7a3035dff2d61f88f000b3c133864b

473. https://gist.github.com/espuding/0a768fba4cd9fdc38aaf4a80491aa641

474. https://gist.github.com/espuding/eb9d65f12cc39eb092af2ff29f786bc8

475. https://gist.github.com/espuding/fbf446e54c97f73e3371c41f1583839b

476. https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/mabardeuiyukjimsahsuganjp

477. https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/sabilulungandasargotongroyong

478. https://namelessmc.com/forum/topic/5629-bapasatartikusrukkanacomberan/

479. https://gist.github.com/Primescreen/1e6dcb27db4cd29e53e6a951a4a4c2ee

480. https://slashpage.com/su-par3r-si-9edlk

481. https://slashpage.com/tee-yod-sii-wg126

482. https://slashpage.com/fourkings2-thai-fhd

483. https://fueler.io/bebengiksapi/4-2-2023-full-hd

484. https://gist.github.com/Dunhull/f5625955b87405eddbc77a914cafe688

485. https://gist.github.com/Dunhull/c16e55eb06de43e5ab63b2d7c33ce73f

486. https://gist.github.com/Dunhull/c16e55eb06de43e5ab63b2d7c33ce73f

487. https://gist.github.com/Dunhull/c8a5c081ca8a92d05a1352ce41ff52b5

488. https://gist.github.com/Dunhull/58f9f24c80580cecbf6e8e7acf9fc364

489. https://sayi.do/thebeekeeper2024

490. https://sayi.do/wodielgehinfllt2024

491. https://sayi.do/derjungeundderreiher

492. https://sayi.do/meangirlsdergirlsclub

493. https://charidy.com/4kingspart2thai

494. https://charidy.com/supparerhdthai

495. https://charidy.com/teeyodthai2hd

496. https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/xvzfrewsqpolkjhtbvcfe

497. https://fueler.io/suhunaimah/2024-1080i

498. https://gist.github.com/Skygreeas/f27dc9dafc659113b80b5c91c3f84ffb

499. https://gist.github.com/Skygreeas/831fb2e8fbfb7c6ce4dd0ea4151051d1

500. https://gist.github.com/Skygreeas/b1c3edbc8c4763940720b44fe2683846

501. https://gist.github.com/Skygreeas/d7ea0ca45f8eb5dbfe59d3900681dc48

502. https://gist.github.com/Magadier/1adbae1cc8dc44b776cffd581a2c6b60

503. https://gist.github.com/Magadier/78060ae068cbf6cde34c99aab3a055c2

504. https://gist.github.com/Magadier/69ea18d3e3371482ea9be72a3d6f7e58

505. https://gist.github.com/Magadier/06fbdbdd7dbdd23ef0f2d4bdf682c401

506. https://gist.github.com/uliuhhauhaha/1e3d89ae975e38ce796076f1d5cdcafe

507. https://gist.github.com/gbloknyaanjisnuys/34fe7a1fb8971e744246ca5b83d9a5e4

508. https://gist.github.com/thebeekeeperviet/f4afdef49daec9ec01e63479529ea8fe

509. https://gist.github.com/fullsenyyumssayg/a054143aad21d8c2c23809ab99882c52

510. https://gist.github.com/jikkamanmaximans/ac9386a3709ad1498f308df162bfa552

511. https://gist.github.com/jikkamakximanasam/cb4eb7c39e41ec44b20b8541659169a7

512. https://app.convertkit.com/editor/templates/2550482

513. https://www.web-time.org/

514. https://gist.github.com/Fajriyah5401/ef479ba28fa3e369d926cccbebac3732

515. https://gist.github.com/Sambeltolenjeng/d888622ae25dc14f3bb2d10d7fad5410

516. https://app.eventcaddy.com/events/2023-johnny-keep-walking

517. https://gist.github.com/halikskuangis/865d590dc97dc1b02ca1d9b4ad48bdfc

518. https://app.convertkit.com/editor/templates/2551793

519. https://gist.github.com/Urbanie/0c9c68e0f3870dfd11d8d4121b814981

520. https://gist.github.com/Urbanie/84dc491d8b2c232612c28bac0edcc759

521. https://gist.github.com/Urbanie/20d343efba74e6e0b013540e9236f92d

522. https://gist.github.com/gaesshajarterus/6e0121369ba8dc42301fa6608600a121

523. https://gist.github.com/masssalahferfoms/414dbcc76db04d6d153ed7226be2b83d

524. https://gist.github.com/ngopiheuladak/41a1d34c0322be8533f1bb38e42211bf

525. https://eexcgy3710.expandcart.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=374

526. https://www.taskade.com/p/xem-phim-quy-cau-2024-full-hd-vietsub-01HNFXAFWTAXJEEW7BEDC1GGVY

527. https://gist.github.com/Skybress/e94843c4d4a9c742ea2359c10e277b76

528. https://gist.github.com/Skybress/4c4b4def70ed0801820d80824ac8c3d0

529. https://gist.github.com/Skybress/72bee764e2089b94bbd122623bccdb20

530. The Turkish Airlines Dublin Office, situated in a prime location in Dublin, Ireland, serves as a pivotal point for passengers seeking exceptional service and travel assistance.
     https://airlinerpro.com/turkish-airlines/turkish-airlines-dublin-office/

531. https://gist.github.com/nyobbathailand/713ed5aebe0df5c9347eab84553295e5
     https://gist.github.com/nyobbathailand/ffc433ae91c30d1be9049666a1ab2389

532. Can you bring nail glue on a plane? Yes, you can typically bring nail glue on a plane as part of your carry-on baggage. Most airlines allow small amounts of liquid adhesives, including nail glue, in containers of 3.4 ounces (100 millilitres) or less, which should be placed in a clear, quart-sized, resealable plastic bag along with your other liquids and gels. It’s essential to adhere to the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) guidelines and regulations regarding liquids to ensure a smooth security screening process. Always check with the airline and relevant authorities for the most up-to-date information and any specific requirements they may have.

533. The CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 Class 12 is your key to ace the actual examination. The team of experts at Selfstudys has curated the paper meticulously, especially for you. With its help, you are sure to gain valuable insights into question types, exam patterns, etc. Prepare for your upcoming 12th Class CBSE examination with this free-of-cost sample paper.

534. Maintain hydraulic system efficiency with a high-pressure hydraulic filter. Designed to withstand extreme pressure levels, these filters ensure optimal performance by trapping contaminants. Investing in a high-pressure hydraulic filter safeguards equipment, enhances longevity, and promotes smooth operations in high-pressure hydraulic systems, reducing the risk of damage and downtime.

535. Set out on an exceptional journey with Singapore Airlines Penang Office. It’s your entryway to smooth travel, not just a place to make reservations. Our office guarantees stress-free services for your trip, whether you’re connecting to international locations or discovering Penang’s rich cultural diversity. Allow Singapore Airlines to reimagine your journey through the captivating city of Penang.

536. The Turkish Airlines Vienna Office in Austria is a convenient and reliable resource for travelers seeking assistance with their flight bookings, inquiries, and other travel-related services. Located in the heart of Vienna, this office provides a professional and welcoming environment for customers to receive personalized assistance from knowledgeable staff members. Whether you are looking to book a flight, make changes to your itinerary, or inquire about baggage policies, the Turkish Airlines Vienna Office is equipped to handle all your travel needs. With a commitment to customer satisfaction, this office ensures that every traveler receives the highest level of service and support, making their journey with Turkish Airlines a seamless and enjoyable experience.
     visit:- https://airlinesbee.com/offices/turkish-airlines-vienna-office-in-austria/

537. Carrying cigarettes in carry on can be a personal choice for smokers. Despite health concerns, some travellers prefer to have their preferred brand readily available during journeys. However, it’s essential to be mindful of airport regulations and destination-specific smoking policies. Ensure compliance with quantity limits and consider the impact on fellow passengers.

538. Explore Exquisite Gemstones at PMKK Gems

539. If you have planned an international trip to Europe or France, you may be wondering about the best way to stay connected without any network issues. You can buy Europe eSIM online for your travel. It gives you seamless connectivity across all European countries. Shop today from the official website of Holiday eSIM and get an additional 10% off on your order.

540. https://gist.github.com/wisstakeman/0f3e3abb99cfd21dcd9562b1b244cd96
     https://gist.github.com/munyangmany/6313698b6a79a1f001cf0177bf1f95ad

541. https://gist.github.com/hademuviex/00f2b1cf93656da83ddf0397344c743d

542. https://gist.github.com/faymeriel/49cbb413439513de024a35298a78778e

543. https://gist.github.com/richardsonstephan/e1aa134fb1ee29ecfdb155223c320de6

544. https://gist.github.com/kuduikhtiar/d0f1a5d8ee3bf516d8a7ccd834854859

545. BUY REGISTERED PASSPORT ONLINE https://worldpassporte.com/

546. https://tatasrl.com/

547. https://tvist1as.com/ check

548. go
     https://wilmardermalfillercosmetics.com/

549. real
     https://euthanasianembutal.com/

550. okat
     https://chemcrystals.com/

551. great

     https://pharmaceuticalpowders.com/

552. kool
     https://fentvendor.com/

553. look
     https://crystalmethsuppliers.com/

554. now https://ketamineanalogues.com/

555. check https://whatisketamine.com/

556. yes

     https://cocainestimulants.co/

557. Quality
     https://crystalmethbuy.com/

558. do now
     https://buyesketamine.com/

559. ok
     https://qualitycounterfeitbanknotes.com/

560. ok
     https://firearmssupplier.com/

561. vendors
     https://e-vendors.com/

562. coke
     https://cocaineinaustralia.com/

563. okay

     https://adhd30mg.com/

564. ok
     https://dtradeempire.com/

565. ok
     https://shuracosmetics.com/

566. ok
     https://express-document-inc.com/

567. ok
     https://alpharoadriders.com/

568. ok
     https://arcade1upmachines.com/

569. ok
     https://buygoldanddiamonds.com/

570. https://tatasrl.com/ ok

571. Look no further than a YouTube party! Enjoy YouTube with your friends, or loved ones, no matter where you are. Use live chats, videos, and calls to talk and have fun together. Youtube watch party is like having your own showtime parties, even if you’re far away!
     Website :- https://www.youtubeparty.com/

572. Tocuhstone Educationals providing complete training and guidance to students who want to success in IELTS exam.with experienced teachers, study materials, and a helpful learning environment.

Comments are closed.